Uju^9f-^ 


Technical  Series,  No.  15. 

U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  'OF  AGRICULTURE, 

L.  0.   HOWARD,    Entomologist  and   Chief  of  Bureau. 


A  REVISION  OF  THE  IXODOIDEA,  OR  TICKS, 
OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


BY 
NATHAN  BANKS, 

Assistant  Entomologist. 


Issued  June  6,  1908. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT    PRINTING    OFFICE. 

1  908. 


^Mm  a.  Oiy^iMY,  ^ 


Technical  Series,  No.  15. 

U.  S.  DEPARTMENT   OF  AGRICULTURE, 

BXJREAXJ   OF   EN^TOIMOLOG-Y. 

L.  0.   HOWARD,    Entomologist  and   Chief  of  Bureau. 


A  REVISION  OF  THE  IXODOIDEA,  OR  TICKS, 
OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


BY 
NATHAN  BANKS, 

Assistant  Entomologist. 


Issued  June  8,  1908. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT    PRINTING    OFFICE. 

1908. 


LETTER  OP  TRANSMITTAL. 


U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Bureau  of  Entomology, 
W(f.^/ii?u/f(ni,  D.  6'.,  March  11,  IQOH. 
Sir:  I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  the  manuscript  of  a 
revision  of  the  Ixodoidea,  or  ticks,  of  the  United  States,  by  ^Ir.  Nathan 
Banks,  assistant  ontomoloijist  in  this  Bureau.  In  view  of  the  im})()r- 
tance  which  some  of  the  ticks  have  assumed  as  the  known  transmitters 
of  certain  diseases  it  becomes  very  necessary  that  the  diiferent  species 
be  distin^rnished  with  certainty.  This  has  hitherto  been  a  matter  of 
great  difficulty,  since  there  has  been  no  work  of  a  systematic  character 
dealing  with  all  the  known  species  of  ticks  occurring  in  the  United 
States.  To  supply  this  need  and  as  a  basis  for  the  life  history  work 
undertaken  by  this  Bureau  on  the  cattle  tick  and  other  ticks,  this 
bulletin  has  been  prepared.  I  recommend  its  publication  as  Technical 
Series  No.  15  of  the  Bureau  of  Entomology. 

Respectfully,  L.  ().  Howard, 

Entomolocjht  and  Chief  of  Bureau. 
Hon.  James  Wilson, 

Secretary  of  Agriculture, 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Structure 7 

Life  history 9 

Geographical  distribution ]0 

Abundance  . 11 

Historical 11 

Classification 12 

Table  of  the  families 14 

Famil  y  Argasidie 14 

Table  of  the  genera 14 

Genus  Argas 14 

Genus  Ornithodoros 16 

Family  Ixodid«^ 20 

Table  of  the  genera 20 

Genus  Ceratixodes 20 

Genus  Ixodes 22 

Genus  Haemaphysalis 32 

Genus  Rhipicephalus 34 

Genus  Margaropus 35 

Genus  Amblyomma 37 

Genus  Dermacentor 42 

Unplaced  species 51 

Species  erroneously  accredited  to  the  United  States 52 

Catalogue 52 

Bibliography 56 

Index 61 

3 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


I'LATES. 

Page. 

Plate  I,  Fig.  1, — Argas  viiniatus:  leg  I 16 

2. — Argas  ininiatus:  leg  IV 16 

3. — Argas  brevipes :  leg  I 16 

4. — Argas  brevipes :  leg  IV 16 

5. — Ornithodoros  coriaceus:  leg  I 16 

6. — Ornithodoros  coriaceus:  leg  IV 16 

7. — Ornithodoros  talaje :  palpus 16 

8. — Ornithodoros  talaje:  leg  IV 16 

9. — Ornithodoros  megnini :  palpus 16 

10. — Ornithodoros  megnin i :  leg  IV 16 

11. — Ornithodoros  megnini:  leg  I 16 

12. — Ornithodoros  megnini :  tegument 16 

18. — Ornithodoros  turicata :  tegument 16 

14. — Ornithodoros  turicata  :  palpus 16 

15. — Ornithodoros  turicata  :  leg  I 16 

16. — Ornithodoros  turicata :  leg  IV 16 

17. — Ornithodoros  talaje:  leg  I 16 

II.  Fig.   1 . — ( 'erati.rodes  signatus:  female  shield  and  coxje 22 

2. — Cerati.vodes  signatus:  tarsi  I  and  IV 22 

3. — Cerativodea  signatus:  capitulum  of  female 22 

4. — Ceratixodes  putus:  capitulum  and  palpus  of  female 22 

5. — Ceratixodes  putus:  tarsi  I  and  IV 22 

6. — Ceratixodes  putus:  shield  of  female 22 

7. — Ceratixodes  ])utus:  palpus  of  male  below 22 

8. — Ceratixodes  ptitiis:  stigmal  i)late  of  female 22 

9. — Ixodes  ricinus:  capitulum  and  tarsus  I  of  female 22 

10. — Ixodes  ricinus:  coxte  of  female    22 

11. — Ixodes  scapularisf:  stigmal  })late  of  nymph 22 

12. — Ixodes  califomicus:  female  shield  and  capitulum 22 

13. — Ixodes  ricinus:  female  shield  and  stigmal  plate 22 

14. — Ixodes  scapularis:  mandible,  and  cox^e  I  and  II 22 

15. — Ixodes  scapularis:  capitulum,  tarsi  I  and  IV,  and  shield,  of 

female;  stigmal  plate  of  male 22 

III.  Fig.  1 . — Ixodes  cookei:  larva 28 

2. — Ixodes  cookei:  base  of  palpus  of  nymph  from  below 28 

3. — Ixodes  cookei:  tip  of  palpus  of  nymph 28 

4. — Ixodes  cookei:  capitulum  of  female 28 

5. — Ixodes  cookei:  tarsus  I 28 

6. — Ixodes  cookei:  coxa  I 28 

7. — Ixodes  cookei:  stigmal  plate  of  female 28 

8. — Ixodes  cookei:  shield  of  female 28 

9. — Ixodes  brunneus:  capitulum  and  shield  of  female 28 

10. — Ixodes  marxi:  capitulum,  cox?e,  and  shield,  of  female 28 

4 


ILLUSTRATIONS.  5 

Page. 

Plate  III.  Fig.  11. — Ixodes  hexar/ovus:  coxiv  of  ieAnale , 28 

12. — Ixodes  (Ilrersifosxvs:  capituluni  of  female 28 

13. — Ixodes  hexagonus:  capituluni  and  shield  of  female 28 

14. — Ixodes  diversifossus:  shield,  tarsus  I,  stigmal  plate,  coxje 

I  and  II,  and  tooth  l)eneath  rostrum — all  of  female ...  28 
IV.  Fig.  1. — Ixodes  pratti:  shield  of  female,  capitulum  of  female,  tooth 

on  rostrum,  stigmal  plate  of  female,  and  coxa  1 32 

2. — Ixodes  angustus:    cox;e,   stigmal    plate,   capitulum,   and 

shield,  of  female 32 

3. — Ixodes  jjrattl:  stigmal  plate  of  nymph 32 

4. — Ixodes  pratti-  stigmal  plate  of  male,  and  tarsus  1 32 

5. — Ixodes  pratti:  hypostome 32 

6. — Ixodes  dentatus:  teeth  below  on  rostrum,  coxa_^,  capitu- 
lum, and  shield,  of  female 32 

7. — Ixodes  sculpius:  shield  and  capitulum  of  female 32 

8. — Ilxynaphysalis  leporis-palusfris:  capitulum  of  male 32 

9. — Ixodes  sculpttis:  coxie  of  female 32 

10. — Hxmaphu sails  leporis-paluxtris:  tarsus   I,  capitulum    and 

shield,  stigmal  plate,  and  coxa  I,  of  female 32 

11. — Hxmaphysalis  chordeilis:  shield  and  capitulum,  coxje  I  and 

IV,  tarsus  IV,  and  stigmal  plate,  of  female 32 

V.  Fig.  1. — Rhipicephalus  texanus:  shield,  capitulum,  and  mandible, 

o*f  female;  capitulum  and  stigmal  plate  of  male 34 

2.  — Rhipicephalus  texanus:  palpus  from  beneath 34 

3. — Rhipicephalus  texanus:  stigmal  plate  of  female,  anal  plates 

of  male,  and  coxa  1 34 

4. — Rhipicephalus  texanus:  tarsi  I  and  IV 34 

5. — Margaropus  annulatus:  stigmal  plate  of  nymph,  and  coxa 

I  of  male 34 

6. — Margaropus  annulatus:  shield,  capitulum,  and  coxa  I,  of 

female 34 

7. — Margaropus  annulatus:  tarsus  IV  of  male,  stigmal  plate  of 

female,  and  shield  and  capitulum  of  nymph 34 

VI.  Fig.  1. — ^m6Zyommartmt'riCrtmo//.-male,  and  stigmal  plate  of  female.  42 
2. — Ambhjornma  americanum:  stigmal  plate  of  nymph,  and 

tarsus  IV 42 

3. — Amhlyomma  americanum:  hypostome,  shield,  and  capitu- 
lum, of  nymph ;  stigmal  plate  of  male,  and  coxa  1 42 

4. — Amhhjonima  americanum:  capitulum  of  female 42 

5. — Amhlyomma  maculatum:  tarsus  IV,  and  coxc«  I  and  IV..  42 

6. — Amhlyomma  cajennense:  tarsus  IV,  and  mandible  of  male.  42 

7. — Amhlyomma  maculatum:  tarsus  I,  and  stigmal  plate  of  male.  42 
8. — Amhlyomma  tuhercidatum:   capitulum  of   female,  stigmal 

plate  of  male  and  of  female 42 

9. — Amhlyomma  maculatum:  stigmal  plate  of  female 42 

10. — Amhlyomma  maculatum:  capitulum  of  female 42 

VII.  Fig.  1. — Amhlyomma  cajennense:  capitulum  of  female,  and  stigmal 

plate  of  male 42 

2. — Amhlyomma   cajennense:    stigmal   plate  and   tarsus   I   of 

female;  coxae  I  and  IV  of  male 42 

3. — Dermacentorvariahills:  capitulum  and  stigmal  plateof  female 

4. — Dermacentor  variahills:  capitulum  of  male 42 

5. — Dermacentor  alhlpictus:  shield  of  female 42 

6. — Dermacentor  variahilis:  leg  I  of  larva 42 


6  IXODOIDEA,   OK    TICKS,   OF   THE    UNITED    STATES. 

ragp. 
Plate  VII.   Fig.  7.  —  Dermacenior  uilem^:  coxa  I,  leg  IV  of  male,  and  shield  and 

capituluin  of  nymph 42 

S. — Dermacentor  variabilis:  tarsus  1 42 

H. — Dermacentor  alhipictus:  stigmal  plate  of  female,  and  eapitu- 

lum  of  female  and  of  male 42 

10. — Dermacentor  nitens:  stigmal  plates  of  male  and  female, 

capitulnm,  and  shield  of  female 42 

11. — Dermacentor  alhipictus:  coxa  IV,  and  stigmal  plate  of  male.         42 
VIII.  Fig.  1. — Dermacentor  occidentalis:  capitulnm  of  male  and  female, 

shield  of  female,  and  tarsus  I V  of  male 46 

2. — Dermacentor  occidentalis:  coxje  I  and  IV  of  male,  stigmal 

plates  of  male  and  female  ...  * _ 46 

3. — Dermacentor  nigrolineatus:  stigmal  plate  of  female 46 

4. — Dennacentor  venustus:  coxa  IV  of  male 46 

5.  —  Dermacentor   venustus:    capitulnm  and   stigmal  })lates  of 

male  and  female 46 

6.  —  Dermacentor  ]>arumapertus  var.  marginatum:  stigmal  plate, 

capitulnm,  and  shield,  of  female 46 

7. — Dermacentor  venustus:  shield  of  female 46 

S. — Deruiaceiitor  parumapertus:  stigmal  plate  of  female 46 

i>. — Dermacentor  nigrolineatus:  capitulum  of  female 46 

10. — Dermacentor  parntnapertus:  shield  and  capitulum  of  fe- 
male, stigmal  plate  and  capitulum  of  male 46 

11.  —  Dermacentor  nigrolineatus:  stigmal  ])late  and  capitulnm  of 

male 46 

IX.   (By  the  late  Dr.  George  ^larx.) 

Fig.  1. — Ixodes  scapularis:  fresh  female,  and  male  attached  to  fe- 
male   48 

2. — Ixodes  scapularis:  female,  coxa   I,  male,  female  stigmal 

plate,  venter  of  female,  and  rostrum  from  beneath 48 

.'{. — Ixodes  dentatus:  engorged  female,  shield,  and  capitulum.  48 
4. — Ixodes  cookei:  male  and  female  above  and  below,  stigmal 

plate,  and  rostrum  from  beneath 48 

5. — Ixodes  ricinus:  engorged  female,  above  and  below 48 

6. — Ceratixodes  putus:  stigmal  plate  and  capitul  nn 48 

7. — Ixodes  dentatvs:  rostrum  from  below 48 

8.  — Ixodes  marxi:  engorged  female 48 

X.  (By  the  late  Dr.  George  Marx.) 

Fig.  1. — Dermacentor  hifurcatus:  nymph,  cox;e,  shield,  venter,  pal- 
pus, stigmal  plate,  and  capituluin 48 

2. — Ihemaphysalis  leporis-palustris:   male,  and  rostrum  of  fe- 
male beneath 48 

.S. — Dermacentor  variabilis:  engorged  female,  above  and  below .  48 
4. — Dermacentor  variabilis:  male,  above  and  beneath,  and  stig- 
mal plate  of  female 48 

5. — Amblgomma  americanum:  nymph,  above  and  below 48 

6. — Hirmaphysalis  leporis-palustris:  fresh  and  engorged  females .  48 
7. — Margaropus  annulatus:   capitulum  of   female,  above  and 

beneath *. 48 

8. — Margaropus  annulatus:    caj^itulum   of   male,   above  and 

beneath 48 

9.  — Dermacentor  occidentalis :  male 48 

10. — Dermacentor  reticulatus:  male 48 

1 1 . — Dermacentor  alhipictus:  male 48 


A  REVISION  OF  THE  IXODOIDEA,  OR  TICKS,  OF 
THE  UNITED  STATES. 


STRUCTURE. 


The  Ixodidae,  or  ticks,  are  all  mites  of  considerable  size;  even  the 
young  or  "  seed-ticks  "  are  visible  to  the  naked  eye,  while  a  full- 
grown  engorged  female  ma}^  be  half  an  inch  long.  Their  abundance 
on  many  of  the  domestic  animals  and  occasional  occurrence  on  man 
have  rendei-ed  them  well-known  objects  {)i  disgust  in  every  clime. 

The  body  is  covered  by  a  tough  leathery  skin,  which  in  the  female 
becomes  greatly  distended  as  she  engorges  herself  with  the  blood  of 
the  host.  Before  distention  the  tick  is  of  a  somewhat  triangular 
outline,  flat,  with  prominent,  slender  legs  and  a  beak-like  rostrum  in 
front.  AVhen  the  female  becomes  swollen  these  characters  may  be 
hardly  noticeable  and  the  whole  creature  may  look  like  some  large 
seed  or  bean.  In  most  of  the  forms  there  is  on  the  front  part  of  the 
dorsum  a  corneous  shield  known  as  the  sciifum.  In  the  male  this 
scutum  covers  the  greater  part  of  the  body,  but  in  the  female  only  a 
small  part  in  front.  Articulated  to  the  anterior  margin  of  this 
scutum,  and  usually  within  a  slight  emargination,  is  a  small  sub- 
triangular  piece,  called  the  capituliini^  or  head.  This  capitulum 
bears  the  palpi,  the  mandibles,  the  mandibular  sheaths,  and  the 
hypostome.  The  last  three  organs  together  form  the  prohoscis^  or 
haustellnm.  The  hypostome  is  a  median  piece  beneath  (really  of  two 
pieces)  bearing  many  recurved  teeth  or  denticles.  The  more  basal 
of  these  denticles  are  in  rows,  and  the  number  of  these  rows  has 
been  nsed  in  the  differentiation  of  species,  but  is  subject  to  some 
variation.  At  the  tips  of  the  mandibles  are  two  or  three  processes, 
known  as  the  apophyses;  these  have  also  been  used  in  specific  classi- 
fication, but  are  now  also  known  to  be  inconstant.  The  hypostome 
and  mandibles  are  inserted  into  the  host  when  the  tick  feeds,  and  so 
firmly  do  the  recurved  teeth  of  the  hypostome  hold  that  if  one  tries 
to  remove  a  tick  by  force  the  body  may  be  torn  from  the  attached 
capitulum. 

The  pal])}  are  inserted  at  the  sides  of  the  mouth  parts  and  are  of 
four  segments,  but  connnonly  one  sees  only  two,  for  the  basal  is  short 


8  IXODOIDEA,  OR    TICKS,  OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

and  broad,  and  the  apical  is  very  small  and  often  situated  in  a 
depression  near  the  tip  of  the  third.  The  palpi  are  usually  sonie- 
Avhat  concave  on  the  side  toward  the  mouth  parts,  so  that  they  may 
sheath  these  parts.  The  comparative  lengths  of  the  second  and  third 
joints  of  the  palpi  give  useful  characters  in  separating  the  genera  of 
.ticks. 

On  the  dorsum  of  the  capitulum  of  adult  female  ticks  there  are 
two  depressed  pitted  areas  known  as  the  porose  areas.  No  one  has 
as  yet  determined  their  function.  All  female  ticks  of  the  subfamily 
Ixodinae  which  do  not  have  these  organs  fully  exposed  are  imma- 
ture and  should  not  be  described  as  new  species.  Various  species, 
and  even  genera,  have  been  based  on  innnature  forms,  owing  to  a 
failure  to  recognize  this  point.  The  genera  Phaidixodes^  Ilevpetohia.^ 
Sarconyssus^  and  Gonixodes  fall  in  this  class. 

The  shield  is  usually  irreguhirh^  hexagonal  in  shape.  On  each 
lateral  margin  is  a  pale  ej'e-like  spot  or  ocellus;  in  some  genera  these 
eyes  are  wanting.  The  posterior  margin  of  the  body  in  most  forms 
is  marked  by  a  number  (8  to  10)  of  short  imj^ressed  furrows,  which 
outline  a  series  of  lobes  or  festoons;  these  are  more  distinct  in  the  male 
than  in  the  female,  and  Avhen  the  latter  is  distended  with  blood  they 
are  barely  visible.  On  the  underside  or  venter  of  the  body  there  are 
two  median  apertures;  the  anterior  one  not  far  from  the  beak  is  the 
genital  pore;  the  posterior  one  is  the  anus.  In  many  forms  there  is  a 
curved  groove  behind  the  anus  and  from  it  a  median  furrow,  while 
in  other  species  there  is  a  curved  groove  in  front  of  the  anus  and 
reaching  back  each  side  toAvard  the  margin  of  the  body.  In  all  forms 
there  is  a  more  lateral  groove  each  side  reaching  forward  to  the  geni- 
tal pore.  In  the  males  of  several  genera  there  are  one  or  two  cor- 
neous triangular  plates  each  side  of  the  anus,  the  anal  plates.  Occa- 
sionally the  abdomen  terminates  in  a  median  process,  or  tail. 

The  legs  arise  from  each  side  of  the  anterior  j^art  of  the  venter; 
the  coxa)  are  sometimes  close  together,  sometimes  more  widely  sepa- 
rate. The  legs  are  usually  slender,  subequal  in  length,  but  the  fourth 
pair  is  rather  the  longest,  and  sometimes  larger  than  the  others. 
Each  is  composed  of  at  least  six  joints,  as  follows,  from  base  outward : 
Coxa,)  trochanter^  femur^  tibia^  metatarsus.,  and  tarsus.  The  latter 
is  commonly  more  or  less  definitely  divided  into  two  parts.  At  the 
tip  of  the  tarsus  is  a  pair  of  large  claws  situated  on  a  rather  long 
pedicel,  and  between  tliem  is  usually  a  pulvillum.  On  the  upper  sur- 
face of  tarsus  I  is  a  pit  covered  by  a  membrane;  this  is  known  as 
Ilaller''s  organ.,  from  its  discoverer,  and  is  supposed  to  be  an  organ  of 
audition.  One  or  more  of  the  coxae  are  armed  behind  by  spine-like 
processes  or  teeth.  In  the  males  of  some  species  the  hind  coxae  are 
greatly  enlarged.  Above,  and  usually  slightly  behind  the  hind  coxa?, 
are  the  stigmal  plates  containing  near  their  center.^  the  stigmal  orifice 


STRUCTURE.  9 

or  spiracle.  Each  plate  is  a  corneous  piece,  the  surface  of  which  is 
marked  by  granules  of  smaller  or  larger  size.  The  shaj)e  and  sculp- 
ture of  the  stigmal  plate  is  quite  constant  in  each  species,  but  differs 
in  the  sexes. 

In  some  genera  there  are  on  the  dorsum,  near  the  middle,  a  pair 
of  small  circular  or  oval  plates,  called  by  Doctor  Stiles  the  clorso- 
suhmedian  jjorose  plates;  no  one  has  j^et  discovered  their  use. 

Ticks  are  usually  dull-colored,  but  some  forms  are  brightly  mottled 
with  brown,  white,  yellow,  or  red.  However,  each  species  has  a 
characteristic  shade  of  color,  which,  when  once  known,  helps  in  field 
identification;  the  colors  accredited  to  the  species  in  this  paper  are 
those  shown  by  alcoholic  materials.  In  life  most  of  the  colors  are 
lighter  or  more  vivid  than  after  immersion  in  spirits. 

LIFE  HISTORY. 

Ticks  are  parasitic  during  the  greater  period  of  their  life;  most 
of  them,  however,  leave  the  host  to  moult,  and  all,  to  deposit  eggs. 
Mammals  are  their  ordinary  hosts,  but  birds  and  reptiles  are  also 
infested,  and  two  species  of  ticks  have  been  taken  from  insects. 
Many  of  them  show  a  decided  preference  for  a  certain  animal,  but 
a  number  of  our  common  species  have  been  found  on  a  great  variety 
of  animals.  Some  ticks  have  apparently  changed  their  host ;  for 
example,  the  Texas  fever  tick,  now  chiefly  found  on  cattle,  originally 
infested  deer,  and  possibly  bison. 

In  sucking  the  blood  of  their  hosts  the  ticks,  unless  extremely 
numerous,  do  but  slight  harm,  but  several  of  them  have  been  shown 
to  transmit  the  germs  of  some  disease,  so  that  they  become,  in  several 
cases,  economic  pests  of  prime  importance. 

The  life  history  of  ticks  has  been  investigated  by  several  authors, 
notably  Curtice,  Morgan,  Lounsbury,  and  Hunter  and  Hooker.  The 
female  tick,  as  the  result  of  her  bloodthirsty  nature,  becomes  enor- 
mously distended,  and  is  then  mature.  The  male  mates  with  the 
female  for  some  days,  after  which  the  latter  drops  to  the  ground  to 
deposit  eggs.  These  issue  as  elongate  masses  in  front  of  the  tick,  and 
may  be  as  many  as  1,000  to  10,000  in  number.  During  the  operation 
the  head  is  withdrawn  into  the  body  so  that  the  surface  of  the 
capitulum  is  close  to  the  genital  pore.  As  the  eggs  issue  they  are 
coated  with  a  viscous  substance  secreted  from  glands  opening  in  the 
membrane  between  the  shield  and  the  head.  These  glands  are  partly 
eversible  and  enwrap  each  o^^^  as  it  issues  from  the  ovipositor.  The 
eggs  are  usually  placed  upon  the  surface  of  the  soil  or  just  beneath 
it,  and  the  larvae  hatch  in  a  few  days.  The  young  ticks,  known  as 
"  seed-ticks,"  ascend  the  nearest  support  of  grass  or  herb  and  patiently 
await  the  coming  of  some  animal.  Delay  and  disappointment  must 
often  eujd  in  starvation  and  death.    The  seed  ticks  are,  however,  able 


10  TXODOTDEA,  OR    TICKS,  OF   THE    UNITED    STATES. 

to  endure  long  fasts,  and  man}'  finally  secure  an  attachment  to  some 
animal.  In  a  few  days  the  young  tick  is  rapidly  distended  by  blood, 
and  drops  to  the  ground.  Here  it  seeks  a  hiding  place  and  rests, 
during  which  time  there  are  many  changes  in  the  internal  anatomy. 
In  three  or  four  days  the  skin  splits  and  from  the  six-legged  larva 
there  issues  the  octopod  nymph.  Climbing  a  plant  it  awaits  the  pass- 
ing of  some  suitable  animal,  and,  when  attached,  feeds  and  falls  off 
again  to  moult,  this  time  to  the  adult  condition.  It  again  waits  for 
a  host,  and,  finding  one,  feeds  and  starts  the  life  cycle  anew.  The 
Texas  fever  tick  and  its  allies  do  not  drop  otf  for  moulting,  but  cast 
the  skin  while  on  the  host.  This  enables  a  more  rapid  increase  in 
the  species.  They  drop  to  the  ground,  however,  for  the  purpose  of 
depositing  eggs.  Several  other  ticks  pass  the  first  moult  while  on 
the  host,  and  some  Argasidse  deposit  eggs  on  posts  above  ground. 

In  the  true  ticks  there  is  a  considerable  difference  between  the 
abdomen  of  the  male  and  that  of  the  female  in  tlie  development  of 
the  dorsal  shield.  In  several  genera  the  maU'  has  plates  near  the 
anus,  and  in  some  cases  the  liind  ])air  of  legs  is  enlarged  in  the  male; 
the  i)()rose  areas  are  found  only  in  the  female;  the  sexes  are,  there- 
fore, very  easily  distinguished. 

The  males  and  females  feed  side  by  side;  but  the  3'ounger  stages 
are  often  restricted  to  a  different  part  of  the  host;  thus  the  larva*  of 
sevei-al  sj)ecies  occur  in  the  ears,  while  the  adults  are  on  the  body  of 
the   host. 

Ticks  are  able  to  live  for  long  periods  Avithout  food  or  moisture. 
Four  to  six  months  are  connnon  periods,  and  cases  are  recorded  of 
female  ticks  fasting  for  eleven  or  twelve  months.  The  argasids  can 
live  for  a  nuich  longer  time;  specimens  of  Argas  have  remained  alive 
in  pill  boxes  for  two  years  and  three  months  without  food,  and  Iviley 
records  one  specimen  living  for  five  years  in  a  corked  vial  Avithout 
food.  Even  the  3^oung  may  live  several  months  without  food.  This 
amazing  vitality  largely  offsets  the  difficulty  the  tick  may  have  in 
finding  a  host. 

Ticks  are  also  well  fitted  to  Avithstand  immersion  in  Avater;  even  the 
eggs  and  young  stages  live  through  long  periods  of  submergence,  so 
that  rains  have  little  effect  upon  tick  life. 

GEOGRAPHICAL  DISTRIBUTION. 

Africa  is  the  home  of  ticks,  all  the  known  genera  occurring  there, 
and  more  species  than  on  any  other  continent.  Of  the  genera  found 
in  the  United  States,  R/iipkephalus,  Margaropus,  and  Amhlyomma 
are  tropical,  and  several  of  our  species  in  these  genera  occur  in  Central 
and  South  America.  Devmacentor  is  our  most  characteristic  genus, 
and  Ave  have  more  species  than  any  other  country.  Ixodes  and  11(2- 
maphy salts  are  northern  genera,  both  as  Avell  represented  in  Europe 


GEOGRAPHICAL   DISTRIBUTION.  11 

as  in  this  country.  Two  common  tropical  genera.  IlyaJomnia  and 
Ajyonomma^  have  not  yet  been  taken  in  this  country.  The  two  genera 
of  Argasidae  favor  warm  countries.  Two  of  the  European  species 
occur  in  our  country,  doubtless  from  importations.  Several  other 
European  species  have  been  accredited  to  the  United  States,  but  in 
all  cases  through  erroneous  determinations.  In  the  United  States 
the  species  of  Rhipicephalus  and  Mar  gar  opus  are  restricted  to  the 
Southern  States.  Several  species  of  Amhlyomma  spread  northward 
along  the  coasts  and  up  the  great  valleys.  The  species  of  Derma- 
centor  are  more  restricted  in  distribution,  and  more  abundant  in  the 
Northwest.  In  Ixodes  the  western  species  are  quite  unlike  those  of 
the  East.  One  species  of  Haemaphy sails  is  widely  distributed  in  this 
countr}^  Although  a  few  species  are  as  yet  known  from  only  one 
host,  it  is  improbable  that  any  are  confined  to  one  species  of  animal. 
Dermaceafor  is  usually  found  on  large  mammals  and  Ixodes  on  small 
mammals. 

ABUNDANCE. 

Derviacentor  is  our  most  common  tick,  and  the  males  are  about  as 
numerous  as  the  females.  RJtipicephahis  and  Margarojms  are  abun- 
dant locally,  but  the  males  of  Margaropus  are  not  so  often  seen.  In 
Amhlyonima  the  males  are  slightly  less  common  tlian  females.  In 
Ixodes  the  males  are  comparatively  rare,  and  in  several  species  un- 
known to  me.  One  species  in  the  South  is  quite  abundant,  but  of  the 
other  Ixodes  only  a  few  are  taken  at  one  time. 

HISTORICAL. 

Since  the  group  is  of  such  great  economic  importance,  the  need  of 
a  technical  revision  of  the  species  is  apparent.  There  has  never 
been  such  a  revision  of  our  species.  Say  described  a  few  species  in 
1821,  Packard  several  more  in  1869,  and  Fitch  in  1871.  Koch,  in  1841, 
described  a  host  of  ticks  from  all  over  the  world,  naturally  including 
a  few  from  the  United  States.  Each  of  the  authors  worked  inde- 
pendently of  the  others.  The  late  Dr.  George  ]\Iarx  was  much  inter- 
ested in  this  family  of  mites,  and  intended  to  monograph  it,  or  at 
least  our  native  species.  To  this  end  he  had  prepared  many  fine 
drawings  and  a  considerable  body  of  manuscript.  I  have  had  access 
to  this  material,  and  can  testify  to  its  high  scientific  character.  In 
the  genus  Dermacentor^  for  example,  he  had  the  forms  known  to  him 
separated  out  as  I  shall  use  them  in  this  paper.  Later  writers  con- 
fused several  of  these  species,  which  he  rightly  held  to  be  distinct. 
Doctor  Marx's  manuscript  is  not  suitable  for  publication,  being  frag- 
mentary and  out  of  date,  but  many  of  his  figures  are  so  valuable  that 
I  have  added  two  plates  made  up  of  them.  These  of  course  should 
be  credited  to  him. 


12  IXODOTDEA,  OR    TICKS,  OF   THE    UNITED    STATES. 

In  180G  Dr.  George  Xeumanii,  of  Toulouse,  France,  began  the  pub- 
lication of  a  Revision  of  the  Ixodida?.  Doctor  Neumann  attempted 
to  monograph  the  ticks  of  the  entire  world,  a  task  which  in  180G 
doubtless  seemed  quite  possible,  and  the  ''  Kevision  "  was  comi)leted  in 
four  parts.  Since  then  he  has  examined  thousands  of  specimens,  and 
his  studies  have  appeared  in  live  notes  on  the  Ixodida^  supplementary 
to  the  "Revision."  It  is  quite  natural  that  in  examining  such  a  host 
of  specimens  from  all  ])arts  of  the  world  at  varying  intervals  he 
should  be  inclined  to  unite  forms  which  to  the  student  of  local  faunae 
seem  abundantly  distinct.  It  is  in  this  way  that  I  differ  from  Doctor 
Neumann  as  to  the  species  occurring  in  this  country.  I  have  seen 
})ractically  all  the  material  that  he  studied  from  the  United  States, 
including  most  of  his  types,  and  also  collections  from  many  colleges 
and  other  institutions  in  this  country,  together  with  larger  collections 
made  in  the  past  few  years.  The  types  of  Say  and  Fitch  are  lost, 
but  through  the  kindness  of  Mr.  Samuel  Ilenshaw  I  have  examined 
the  types  of  Packard,  now  in  the  IVIuseum  of  Comparative  Zoology. 
This  enables  me  to  })lace  correctly  several  species  hitherto  misplaced 
by  authors.  In  1899  Doctors  Salmon  and  Stiles  published  a  finely 
illustrated  work  on  the  cattle  ticks  of  the  United  States.  At  that 
time  their  material  was  largely  in  Doctor  Neumann's  hands,  and  since 
then  several  species  have  been  collected  in  this  country,  and  Neumann 
himself  has  changed  his  opinions  regarding  several  species. 

During  the  past  year  Messrs.  W.  D.  Hunter  and  W.  A.  Hooker,  of 
this  Bureau,  have  issued  a  bulletin  (No.  72)  on  the  cattle  tick  and 
other  species,  with  much  ethologic  matter  and  valuable  breeding 
notes.  In  this  i)aper  38  species  are  recorded  from  this  country,  and 
3  unplaced  forms,  doubtless  identical  with  some  of  the  known  species. 
More  species  are  to  be  expected  in  Ixodes^  so  that  our  tick  fauna  may 
yet  have  50  species., 

CLASSIFICATION. 

Latreille,  in  1795,  made  two  genera  for  the  ticks,  Argas  and  Ixodes. 
The  striking  differences  between  the  two  were  recognized  by  follow- 
ing acarologists,  some  of  whom  even  placed  Argas  with  the  Gamasida'. 
Koch,  in  1844,  divided  these  two  genera  into  ten — just  about  as  they 
stand  to-day.  He  arranged  these  ten  genera  within  three  families — 
Argasida%  Ixodidaj  (long  palpi),  and  Rhipistomida^  (short  palpi). 
These  three  groups  have  been  generally  adopted  by  later  authors. 
Neumann  has  modified  it  somewhat  by  using  rostrum  long  or  short 
to  separate  the  last  two  families.  But  this  will  hardly  distinguish 
some  species  of  Amhlyomma  and  Dermacentor.  Doctor  Marx,  in 
1892,  made  a  somewhat  different  arrangement,  dividing  the  group 
into  tw^o — Catastomata  and  Antistomata.  The  former  is  the  Arga- 
sidse  of  Koch,  the  later  he  separates  into  three  families — Ha^malajs- 


CLASSIFICATION.  13 

toridae,  Ixodidse,  and  Rhipistomidse.  The  Ha3iiialastorida3  of  Ma;rx 
is  based  on  a  misconception ;  the  type  of  Ilctmalastor  is  a  Ilyalomma. 
while  Sarconyssiis  belongs  to  Eschatocephalus. 

These  classifications  have  placed  a  great  deal  of  prominence  on  the 
length  of  the  palpi.  Lahille,  in  1905,  in  his  tabular  arrangement  of 
the  genera,  has  subordinated  this  character  to  others,  and  I  fully  agree 
Avith  him.  He  places,  and  I  believe  correctly,  Amhlyomma  near  Der- 
macentor  instead  of  near  Ixodes.  Lahille,  however,  bases  his  main 
divisions  of  the  Ixodidse  on  certain  characters  of  the  male ;  whether 
the  male  has  five  anal  plates  (Perissopli),  or  four  anal  plates  (Arti- 
opli),  or  no  anal  plates  (Anopli).  By  this  arrangement  he  sepa- 
rates Hyalomma  from  Amblyomma^  while  other  authors — and  here 
I  agree  with  these  latter — place  these  genera  close  together.  In- 
deed, the  character  used  to  distinguish  the  females  of  these  two  genera 
is  not  always  easy  of  verification,  so  that  several  Avriters  have  made 
mistakes  in  this  matter. 

Moreover,  I  fail  to  see  the  importance  in  secondary  sexual  charac- 
ters that  Lahille  places  upon  them.  They  certainly  are  not  of  suf- 
ficient value  to  characterize  groups  higher  than  genera,  and  are  better 
employed  for  groups  of  lesser  rank. 

Therefore  I  have  made  use  of  another  character  to  divide  the 
Ixodidse  into  two  groups,  namely,  the  presence  or  absence  of  a  curved 
groove  in  front  of  the  anus  and  continued  back  each  side.  Li 
Ixodes  this  groove  is  present,  in  other  ticks  it  is  absent,  and  in  most 
forms  there  is  a  small  groove  behind  the  anus,  not  seen  in  Ixodes, 
Ixodes  differs  in  various  other  Avays  from  the  other  ticks,  notably  in 
lacking  festoons  to  the  posterior  margin  of  the  body.  I  have  there- 
fore placed  Ixodes  (and  Ceratixodes)  in  a  subfamily,  Ixodinse,  as 
opposed  to  the  other  ticks,  Amblyomminae.  Rhiplccphalus  (and 
Margaropiis)^  by  the  peculiar  shape  of  the  capitulum,  have  long 
been  considered  distinct  from  other  ticks,  and  for  them  a  tribe  is  es- 
tablished, the  Rhipicephalini ;  likewise  Hamiaphy sails,,  by  its  peculiar 
palpi,  will  Avarrant  another  tribe,  the  Ha?maphysalini.  Aynhlyomma^ 
Hyalomnia^  and  Aponomma  are  more  closely  related  to  each  other 
than  to  Dermacentor.  Tavo  more  tribes  Avill  thus  be  requisite,  the 
Dermacentorini  and  the  Amblyommini,  distinguished  not  only  by 
the  length  of  the  palpi,  but  also  by  the  lengths  of  the  divisions  of  the 
tarsi.  These  characters  Avill  apply  to  both  sexes  and  catu  to  the 
nymphal  forms.  Other  less  important  points  aid  in  distinguishing 
the  groups,  as  evidenced  by  the  synoptic  tables. 

Long  after  the  above  was  Avritten,  I  receiAed  a  paper  by  Mr. 
Cecil  Warburton  (Notes  on  Ticks,  December,  1907),  in  which  he 
proposes  practically  the  same  classification  as  I  haA^e  proposed  above. 
He  uses  the  position  of  the  anal  groove  to  separate  Ixodes  from  all 
other  Ixodida,^,  but  for  this  group  and  all  his  groups  uses  neAv  names, 


14  IXODOIDEA^  OR    TICKS^  OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

instead  of  subfamily  and  tribal  names  based  on  the  genus.  He,  how- 
ever, keeps  Derniacentor  in  the  same  group  as  Rhipicephalus^  which 
I  consider  ill-advised  and  have  placed  them  apart,  Derinacentor 
closer  to  Amhlyomma.  Mr.  Warburton  has  also  put  more  value  on 
the  length  of  the  palpi  than  I  think  justified,  and  also  used,  more 
than  I,  the  secondary  sexual  characters  of  the  male.  A  summary 
of  my  classification  appeared  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Entomo- 
logical Society  of  Washington,  Volume  VIII,  page  62,  August,  1907. 

Doctor  Neumann  has  also  lately  (Sjostedts  Kili-mandjaro-Meru 
Expedition,  page  20)  given  an  arrangement  of  the  genera  in  three 
sections.  He,  however,  places,  and  I  believe  wrongly,  Ilyalomma 
nea r  Rh  ijnreph alus. 

Our  two  families  of  ticks  are  very  different,  as  seen  from  the  fol- 
lowing statement  of  characters: 

Tablk  of  Tin:  Families. 

Xo  conioons  sliiold  on  dorsum  ;  head  hidden  luMieath  front  of  body;  anus  near 
middle  of  venter:    skin  ronijhened injasida'. 

A  corneous  shield  present  on  dorsum;  head  distinct  in  front  of  Ijody;  anus 
behind  tlie  middle  of  venter:    skin  only  tinely  striated Idodidw. 

Family  ARGASID^. 

No  dorsal  shield;  head  hidden  under  front  of  body;  anus  near 
middle  of  venter;  skin  roughened  ;  coxic  usually  contiguous  or  nearly 
so;   tarsi  without  apical  pulvillum. 

In  the  lar\;e  the  head  and  month  parts  are  distinct,  in  front  of  the 
body,  as  in  the  true  ticks;  there  are  also  indications  of  a  pulvillum 
at  base  of  claws.  However,  there  is  not  as  nuich  difference  between 
the  sexes  as  in  the  Ixodida?;  so  it  seems  probable  that  each  family  has 
specialized  along  different  lines.  The  argasids  remain  on  their  hosts 
for  only  a  short  time,  and  many  of  them  are  most  active  at  night. 

Our  two  ofcnera  are  closelv  related,  but  mav  be  distinguished  as 
follows: 

TaHLI-:    of    the    (iENERA. 

Margin  of  body  thin  and  acute \rgas. 

Margin  of  body  rounded Ornithodoroft. 

Genus  ARGAS  Latreille. 

Body  strongly  depressed,  elongate  oval  in  shape,  usually  narrower 
in  front,  margins  thin  and  acute;  palpi  hidden  under  front  of  body. 
Skin  strongly  wrinkled  and  with  scattered  smooth  patches,  most  nu- 
merous near  the  margin.     No  eyes. 

Type. — A.  reflexas  Fabricius. 

The  famous  "  Miana  bug''  of  Persia  {Ar(/((,s  pe?\swus  Fischer) 
belongs  to  this  genus.     The  bite  of  this  species  was  reputed  to  pro- 


GENUS   AEGAS   LATKEILLE.  15 

duce  death,  and  the  early  travelers  in  that  country  give  long  and 

exaggerated  accounts  of  the  creature. 

I  have  seen  two  species  from  our  country,  which  may  be  tabulated 

as  below: 

Table  of  the  Species. 

Anterior  tibijTj  and  metatarsi  each  about  tliree  times  as  lou^  as  broad, 

niiniutu.s. 

Anterior  tibiae  and    metatarsi  each    phiinly  less  than  three  times  as    long    as 

broad hrevipca. 

Argas  miniatus  Koch. 

Dark  red-brown,  legs  pale  yellowish,  body  nearly  twice  as  long  as 
broad,  broader  behind  than  in  front,  broadest  behind  the  middle, 
tapering,  and  almost  j^ointed  in  front,  the  margin  often  slightly 
upturned, _  excei^t  behind;  surface  densely  and  irregidarly  scarred 
and  pitted,  the  smooth  scars  of  varying  sizes  and  more  ninnerous  on 
sides  and  behind,  in  latter  part  arranged  somewhat  in  rows,  a  median 
row  and  two  or  more  lateral  less  distinct ;  ventral  surface  scarred  as 
above,  most  densely  around  the  sides;  palpi  very  short  and  lacking 
more  than  their  length  from  reaching  the  anterior  border;  on  ros- 
trum at  base  of  palpi  is  a  transverse  row  of  four  bristles;  the  stig- 
mal  plate,  which  is  scarcely  distinct  from  the  surrounding  tissue,  is 
a  raised  sjDot  above  the  coxa  IV  and  with  a  curved  anterior  rim. 
Legs  (PL  I,  figs.  1,  2)  rather  slender;  tarsi  barely  longer  than  pre- 
ceding joints,  and  suddenty  narrowed  at  tip;  the  legs  have  very  few 
hairs;  coxa^  II,  III,  and  IV  are  contiguous  and  radiate,  coxa  I  is  dis- 
tinctly separate  from  the  others,  and  at  the  sides  of  the  beak. 

The  male  differs  but  little  from  the  female;  it  is  usually  smaller; 
the  male  genital  pore  is  not  nearly  as  broad  as  the  vulva,  and  is  situ- 
ated farther  back,  and  behind  it  is  a  short  curved  groove  each  side. 

Length  of  swollen  female,  8  to  10  mm. 

This  species  is  a  common  enemy  of  poultry  in  the  Southwest,  from 
southern  Texas  to  California.  It  occurs,  also,  on  other  animals, 
rather  rarely  on  cattle.  Doctors  Stiles  and  Salmon  have  described 
the  hexapod  larva  of  this  species.  I  have  followed  Xeumann  in 
uniting  Argas  sanchezi  Duges  to  this  species,  as  the  slight  difference 
in  the  structure  of  the  mandibles  is  not  constant. 

I  have  seen  specimens  from  Austin,  Georgetown,  El  Paso,  Patton, 
San  Antonio,  Brackettsville,  and  Colorado  City,  Tex.;  from  Merced 
and  Riverside,  Cal. ;  from  Deming,  X.  Mex.,  and  from  Catalina 
Springs,  Ariz. 

Argas  brevipes  n.  sp. 

This  species  is  similar  in  shape  and  general  appearance  to  the 
common  A,  miniatus.    It  differs  in  the  much  shorter  legs,  as  may  be 


16  IXODOIDEA,  OR    TICKS,  OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

seen  by  the  figures  (PL  I,  figs.  3,  4).  The  joints  appear  somewhat 
more  roughened  than  in  ^-i.  miniatus,  and  the  tibia  and  metatarsus  of 
leg  I  are  distinctly  swollen  below  before  the  tip.  There  are  fewer 
smooth  spots  on  the  dorsum  of  the  body,  and  they  are  wider  apart; 
on  the  anterior  part  are  three  pairs  of  smooth  spots,  and  a  row  each 
side  of  them  of  four ;  outside  of  these  row^s  the  spots  are  irregular. 

The  skin  is  as  densely  wrinkled  as  in  A.  miniatm. 

Length  of  swollen  female,  5  to  7  mm. 

Three  specimens  from  Tucson,  Ariz. ;  two  were  from  a  cavity  in 
C evens  gigantcus,  which  w^as  used,  perhaps,  by  a  bird. 

Arg^as  reflexus  Fabricius. 

This  is  the  pigeon  tick  of  Euroi^e.  I  have  not  seen  it  from  this 
countr}',  but  Prof.  H.  Osborn,  in  Bulletin  No.  5,  of  this  office,  page 
25G,  says :  "  It  is  common,  I  believe,  as  far  north  as  St.  Louis.-'  Sev- 
eral pigeon  raisers  have  informed  me  that  they  do  not  know^  it,  but 
Thomas  Wright,  of  Massachusetts,  claims  he  has  seen  it  in  that  State. 
The  species  is  more  ovate  in  form  than  our  A.  miniatus,  and  the  color 
is  grayer. 

Genus   ORNITHODOROS   Koch. 

Body  depressed,  oval  or  elongate,  sides  subparallel,  margin  of 
body  rounded,  not  acute;  palpi  hichlen  under  a  median  anterior 
process.  Skin  usually  witli  many  irregular  tubercles  or  granules. 
Eyes  sometimes  present. 

Type. — 0.  savignyi  Audouin. 

A  fcAv  species  of  this  genus  occur  in  all  tropical  countries,  four  of 
them  in  the  southern  United  States.  Their  bite  is  so  very  painful 
that  w:herever  they  occur  the  inhabitants  have  given  them  common 
names.    Three  of  our  species  have  received  common  names  in  Mexico. 

0.  megnini  is  known  as  "  garrapata,"  a  term  also  applied  to  various 
other  ticks;  O.  tuncata  as  "  turicata,"  and  0.  talaje  as  "  talaxi."  Dr. 
Jesus  Aleman  (quoted  by  Duges  and  Megnin)  gives  a  long  account 
of  the  inflammation  and  disorders  consequent  to  the  bite  of  O.  turi- 
cata^ and  Salle  has  written  of  the  pain  due  to  the  bite  of  0.  talaje. 

Our  four  species  may  be  separated  as  follow^s : 

Table  of  the  Species. 

1.  Body  provided  with  many  short  stiff  bristles,  hind  tarsi  scarcely  three 

times  as  long  as  broad  at  base,  with  one  subterminal  hump  above, 
anterior   tarsi    also    with    one    subterminal    hump ;    body    rounded    in 

front ;  no  eyes megnini. 

Body  without  bristles,  but  covered  with  rounded  tubercles  or  granules; 
hind  tarsi  more  slender 2 


Tech.  Series  15,  Bureau  of  Entomology,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agricul+ure. 


Plate  I, 


IXODOIDEA,  OR  TiCKS,  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 

Fig.  l.—Argas  miniatus,  leg  I.  Fig.  2. — Argas  miniatus,  leg  IV.  Fig.  3. — Argas  breripes,  leg  I. 
Fig.  4.— Argas  brevipes,  leg  IV.  Fig.  b.—Ornithodoros  coriaceus,  leg  I.  Fig.  Q.—Ornilhodoros 
conaeews,  leg  IV.  Fig.  7.—Ornithodoros  talaje,  palpus.  Fig.  8. — Ornithodoros  talaje,  leg  IV. 
Fig.9.— Ornithodorosmegnini, -palpus.  Fig.  10.— Ornithodoros megniiii,  leg  IV.  Fig.  11.— Orni- 
thodoros megnini.  leg  I.  Fig.  12. — Ornithodoros  megnini,  tegument.  Fig.  13. — Ornithodoros 
turicata,  tegument.  Fig.  1i.— Ornithodoros  turicata,  palpus.  Fig.  lb.— Ornithodoros  turicata, 
leg  I.    Fig.  16.— Ornithodoros  turicata,  leg  IV.    Fig.  17.— Ornithodoros  talaje,  leg  I.    (Original.) 

36657— No.  15—08 2 


GENUS   ORNITHODOROS    KOCH.  17 

2.  Two  pairs  of  eyes  preseut ;  tarsi  IV  with  a  prominent  subterminal  spur 

above;    front  of  body  conical   in  the   middle;    leg  I   strongly  rough- 
ened  coriaceus. 

No  eyes;  no  such  spur  on  hind  tarsi 3 

3.  Front  of  body  conical  in  middle:  tarsi  I  without  humps  above talaje. 

Body  rounded  in  front;  tarsi  and  metatarsi  each  with  three  humi)S-t uricata. 

Ornithodoros  megnini  Duges. 

Color  red-brown  to  black,  legs  paler.  Body  broadly  rounded  in 
front  and  behind,  a  constriction  much  behind  the  middle.  Body 
covered  with  many  short,  stiff,  spine-like  bristles  (PL  I,  fig.  12), 
stouter  in  front  than  behind,  and  on  venter  mostly  hair-like,  skin 
only  minutely  roughened.  Several  broad  depressions  above,  and  on 
venter  three  elongate  grooves  behind  and  two  in  front.  Rostrum 
and  palpi  (PL  I,  fig.  9)  short.  Legs  (PL  I,  figs.  10,  11)  short  and 
stout;  tibia  and  metatarsus  of  leg  I  not  twice  as  long  as  broad,  all 
tarsi  with  a  subterminal  hump,  no  other  tubercles,  hind  tarsi  not 
three  times  as  long  as  broad  at  base,  all  legs  with  a  few  scattered 
hairs.    Xo  eyes. 

Length  of  swollen  female,  7  to  8  mm. 

Male  similar,  but  rather  smaller  and  more  slender.  The  nymphal 
stage  (which  is  frequently  observed)  has  a  body  about  one  and  a  half 
times  as  long  as  broad,  broadest  in  front  of  leg  III,  much  narrowed 
behind,  broadly  rounded  in  front  and  behind,  the  body  covered  with 
spine-like  bristles,  larger  than  on  the  adult,  the  legs  more  slender  and 
more  hairy.  This  nymph  was  first  described  and  figured  by  Megnin. 
Marx  proposed  for  it  the  name  Rhynchopnon  spuios^nn. 

This  species  is  easily  known  from  all  other  species  of  Ornithodoros 
by  its  bristly  body,  as  well  as  by  shape  of  tarsi.  These,  with  the 
greater  difference  between  the  adult  and  nymphal  instars,  indicate 
that  this  species  might  Avell  be  the  type  of  a  subgenus.  First  found 
by  Duges  in  the  ears  of  Mexican  horses,  it  has  been  taken  abundantly 
in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  L^nited  States,  usually  from  the  ears 
of  cattle,  but  sometimes  from  other  animals,  including  man. 

Specimens  have  been  examined  from  the  folloAving  localities: 
Aj^cock,  La.;  Georgetown,  San  Antonio,  and  Victoria,  Tex.;  Albert, 
Santa  Fe,  and  Mineral  Hill,  X.  Mex. ;  Yuma,  Ariz. :  Los  Angeles, 
Santa  Eosa,  Santa  Clara  County,  and  Humboldt  County,  Cal. ;  Ash 
Meadow,  Xev. ;  P'remont  Coimty,  Idaho;  Davenport  and  Ames, 
Iowa,  and  Lexington,  Ky. 

Its  frequent  occurrence  in  ears  has  won  it  the  connnon  name  of 
"  ear  tick  "  or  *'  spinose  ear-tick.*' 


18  IXODOTDEA,  OE    TICKS,  OF   THE    UNITED    STATES. 

Ornithodoros  turicata  Duges. 

Color  light  brown,  legs  paler.  Body  broadly  rounded  in  front  and 
behind,  only  slightly  constricted  behind  leg  III,  the  sides  being  nearly 
parallel.  Surface  of  body  (PL  I,  fig.  13)  covered  with  many  small 
subequal,  subconical  granules.  Impressions  on  dorsum  small  and  in- 
distinct, usually  a  curved  one  in  front,  subparallel  to  anterior  mar- 
gin, and  some  in  pairs  behind ;  on  venter  is  a  distinct  median  groove 
behind  from  anus,  a  curved  transverse  one  half-Avay  from  anus  to  tip, 
and  subcoxal  ones  extending  obliquely  outward  behind  hind  coxa\ 
No  eyes.  Palpi  (PI.  I,  fig.  11)  rather  slender;  legs  (PI.  I,  figs.  15, 10) 
moderately  long,  the  hind  legs  about  as  long  as  width  of  body.  Tibiie, 
metatarsi,  and  tarsi  I,  II,  and  III  with  three  tubercles  above  on  each, 
those  on  the  tarsi  most  distinct ;  hind  legs  without  any  definite  tuber- 
cles, the  tarsi  being  very  slender;  all  legs  with  a  few  scattered  hairs; 
all  tibia}  and  metatarsi  more  than  twice  as  long  as  broad. 

Length  of  swollen  female,  G  to  7  mm. 

I  have  seen  specimens  of  this  species  from  Keene,  Kissimmee,  and 
Crescent  City,  Fla.  (in  gopher  holes)  :  P>urnet  and  Brownwood,  Tex.; 
Las  Cruces,  N.  Mex. ;  Phoenix,  Ariz,  (on  cattle),  and  San  Diego,  Cal. 
(on  cattle). 

The  first  description  of  this  species  was  by  Duges,  in  187(),  in  the 
newspaper  El  Kc^pertorio  del  Guanajuato,  and  later  (188P>)  in  La 
Naturaleza.  Megnin,  in  ISS."),  gave  a  fuller  description  with  figures, 
based  on  specimens  sent  liini  by  Duges.  One  of  his  figures  shows  the 
hind  tarsi  with  a  sul)terminal  hump,  not  found  in  my  specimens.  In 
the  National  collection  is  a  vial  from  Doctor  Duges  labeled  "6^.  turi- 
cata^ cotype."  In  this  vial  are  10  specimens,  7  of  O.  megnini  and  3  of 
O.  tiD'kata  as  I  have  identified  it,  without  a  hump  on  the  hind  tarsus. 
I  therefore  suspect  that  Megnin  incorrectly  delineated  this  appendage. 

This  species  was  taken  from  hogs  in  Mexico,  and  also  in  Texas,  and, 
like  the  other  species,  will  attack  man. 

Ornithodoros  coriaceus  Koch, 

Color  dark  brown  to  black,  legs  paler.  Anterior  margin  of  the  body 
rather  cone-shaped  in  middle,  broadly  rounded  behind,  sides  sub- 
parallel,  only  slightly  constricted  behind  legs  III.  The  body  is  cov- 
ered by  small,  rather  elongate  granules,  usually  of  a  yellowish  color, 
in  striking  contrast  to  the  dark  skin;  venter  with  granules  on  the 
posterior  part,  less  distinct  in  front.  There  are  some  fine  hairs,  at 
least  near  the  margin  of  body.  On  the  dorsum  are  several  depressed 
areas  where  the  granules  are  few  or  absent.  Venter  with  a  median 
groove  from  anus  behind,  and  from  in  front  of  anus  one  extends 
obliquely  down  on  the  sides.  Behind  leg  I  is  a  smooth  rounded  spot 
or  eye,  and  behind  leg  II  is  another,  rather  smaller,  eye.  The  rostrum 
is  usually  depressed  into  a  cavity,  so  as  to  be  barely  visible.    The 


ORNITHODOROS   CORIACEUS   KOCH.  19 

palpi  are  short,  the  last  joint  cylindrical  and  deflected  backward. 
The  legs  (PI.  I,  figs.  5,  6)  are  long  and  slender,  the  fourth  pair  nearly 
as  long  as  width  of  body ;  tibiae,  metatarsi,  and  tarsi  I,  II,  III  have 
several  prominent  tubercles  above,  and  tarsi  IV  have  a  basal  hump 
and  a  prominent  subterminal  spur  above.  All  legs  with  a  few  hairs ; 
the  tibia  and  metatarsus  are  more  than  twice  as  long  as  broad. 

Length  of  swollen  female,  7  to  8  mm. 

Described  by  Koch  from  Mexico.  I  have  seen  specimens  from  San 
Francisco  and  from  Santa  Clara  County,  California.  It  has  been 
taken  from  cattle  and  from  cattlemen.  The  spur  on  the  hind  tarsus 
is  very  characteristic  and,  with  the  eyes,  will  readily  separate  it  from 
our  other  species. 

Ornithodoros  talaje  Guerin. 

Color  light  to  dark  broAvn,  legs  paler.  Body  cone-like  in  front, 
broadly  rounded  behind,  a  broad  depressed  groove  each  side,  united 
in  front.  About  four  depressed  smooth  patches  each  side  on  dorsiun, 
the  hind  pair  more  elongate.  Venter  with  a  groove  each  side  run- 
ning obliquely  down  on  sides,  a  median  groove  from  anus  behind: 
a  depressed  area  in  front  of  anus,  and  toward  tip  a  prominent  trans- 
verse groove  with  recurved  tips.  Body  thickly  covered  with  large 
roughened  and  sculptured  granules,  smaller  on  the  middle  of  the 
venter.  No  eyes.  Rostrum  usually  sunk  in  a  cavity,  the  thin  edges 
of  which  may  partially  overlap  it;  these  edges  are  roughened  like 
the  surrounding  surface.  The  palpi  (PL  I,  fig.  7)  are  short,  and 
have  the  last  joint  slender  and  deflected  backward.  The  entire 
rostrum  is  retractible,  so  that  one  may  see  only  the  tips  of  the  palpi. 
The  legs  (PL  I,  figs.  8,  17)  are  short,  but  slender,  and  provided  with 
many  fine  hairs ;  there  are  no  humps  nor  tubercles  on  any  of  the  tarsi, 
tibiae,  or  metatarsi.  All  tarsi  are  very  slender;  the  tibiae  and  meta- 
tarsi more  than  twice  as  long  as  broad. 

Length  of  swollen  female,  5  to  6  mm. 

This  species  was  described  by  Guerin  Meneville  from  Guatemala, 
and  I  have  examined  specimens  from  Gum  Cave,  Citrus  County, 
Fla. ;  BroAvnsville,  Tex.,  and  San  Clemente  Island,  California. 

The  figures  by  Xicolet  in  Guerin's  article  are  quite  detailed,  and 
leave  no  doubt  as  to  the  identification  of  the  species.  It  is  readily 
known  by  the  simple  tarsi  and  by  the  sculptured  tubercles  of  the 
body.  It  was  not  described  until  1849  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  in 
the  Magasin  de  Zoologie,  Annee  1845,  it  appears  in  the  same  form 
as  in  the  Revue  et  Magasin  de  Zoologie,  Annee  1849.  That  volume  of 
the  Magasin  de  Zoologie  was  begun  in  1845,  but  not  finished  until 
1849;  moreover,  as  shown  by  the  article  itself,  the  tick  was  not 
collected  until  May,  1847. 


20  IXODOIDEA^  OK    TICKS,  OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 

Family  IXODIDiE. 

Dorsum  of  the  body  more  or  less  covered  by  a  corneous  shield; 
head  distinct  in  frout  of  body;  anus  behind  middle  of  venter;  skin 
finely  striated.  Cox<t  more  or  less  separated;  tarsi  with  a  pulvillum. 
Stigmal  plate  behind  coxa^  IV.  Male  with  dorsum  almost  entirely 
covered  by  the  corneous  shield ;  in  the  fenuile  the  shield  is  restricted 
to  the  anterior  part  of  dorsum,  and  there  are  on  the  capitulum  a  pair 
of  porose  areas,  not  seen  in  males  or  in  immature  stages. 

The  genera  and  higher  groups  known  from  our  countr}-  may  be 
separated  by  the  following  table : 

Table  of  the  Genera. 

1.  Venter  showing  a  curved  groove  a  short  distance  in  front  of  the  anus  and 

extending  bade  each  side  to  the  hind  margin;  no  posterior  marginal 
festoons:  stigmal  plate  nearly  circular;  no  ocelli;  hind  coxa^  of  male 

not   enlarged (Ixodim^.)       2 

Venter  showing  more  or  less  distinctly  a  curved  groove  behind  the  anus, 
but  none  in  frout  of  it;  the  male  with  distinct  marginal  festoons,  more 
or  less  distinct  in  the  female (Amblyommiutie.)       3 

2.  Capitulum   slightly  angulate  on   the  sides;   palpi   with   the  third  joint 

shorter  than  broad,  and  broadly  rounded Ccrati.rodes. 

Capitulum  not  angulate  on  sides;  palpi  with  the  third  joint  longer  than 
broad,  and  slightly  tapering  toward  the  tip Ixodes. 

3.  Sides  of  capitulum  angulate;  ocelli  present:  male  with  anal  i)lates;  palpi 

very  short (Rhipicephaliui.)       4 

Sides  of  capitulum  not  angulate 5 

4.  Palpi  with  acute  transverse  ridges;  stigmal  plate  nearly  circular;  porose 

areas  elliptical,  distant:  no  distinct  groove  behind  anus Margaropus. 

Palpi  without  transverse  ridges;  stigmal  plate  comma  shaped;  porose 
areas  triangular,  approximate;  a  distinct  groove  behind  anus, 

Rhipicephalus. 

5.  Outer  angle  of  the  second  joint  of  the  short  palpi  acutely  produced;  no 

ocelli;  male  without  anal  plates (Haemaphysalini)  Hccmaphysalis. 

Outer  angle  of  second  joint  of  palpi  not  acutely  produced 6 

G.  Palpi  longer,  second  joint  about  twice  as  long  as  broad ;  coxae  IV  of  male 
not  enlarged;  tarsi  II,  III,  and  IV  plainly  divided,  the  basal  part 
much  shorter  than  the  apical  part (Amblyommini)  Anihhjomma, 

Palpi  shorter,  second  joint  l>arely  longer  than  broad;  coxa^  IV  of  male 
enlarged:  tarsi  II,  III,  and  IV  indistinctly  divided,  the  parts  sul^equal 
in  length (Dermacentorini)  Dennacentor, 

Genus  CERATIXODES  Neumann. 

Venter  showing  furrows  as  in  Ixodes.  Capitulum  not  produced 
anteriorly  in  the  middle,  but  the  sides  somewdiat  angulate;  porose 
areas  oval,  transverse.  Palpi  short,  third  joint  no  longer  than  broad, 
and  broadly  rounded.  Shield  unmarked,  no  ocelli.  Coxa  I  close  to 
rostrum,  barely  toothed  behind ;  coxa  IV  of  male  not  enlarged.  Pos- 
terior margin  of  body  without   festoons.     Stigmal  plate  circular. 


GENUS   CERATIXODES   NEUMANN.  21 

Tarsi  II,  III,  and  IV  divided,  the  parts  of  variable  length,  no  tooth- 
like claw  at  apex. 

Type. — C.  {Ixodes)  putus  Cambridge. 

Our  two  species  are  separable  as  follows: 

Table  of  the  Species. 

I.  Shield  of  female  broadest  on  first  third;  divisions  of  tarsi  II,  III,  and  IV 

subequal  in  length;  capitnlnm  less  angiilate  on  side putus. 

Shield  of  female  broadest  on  middle  third;  basal  division  of  tarsi  II,  III,  and 
IV  much  shorter  than  apical;  capitulum  more  angulate  on  sides__  signatus. 

Ceratixodes  signatus  Birula. 

Female. — Shield  reddish  brown,  legs  paler,  abdomen  yellowish 
brown.  Capitulum  (PI.  II,  fig.  3)  very  broad,  lateral  angles  acute, 
hind  angles  not  distinct,  porose  areas  occupying  nearly  the  whole 
of  upper  surface,  palpi  short  and  thick,  with  some  scattered  bristles, 
third  joint  but  little  swollen  on  inner  side  at  base.  Shield  (PI.  II, 
fig.  1)  much  longer  than  broad,  broadest  on  middle  third,  the  lateral 
lobes  only  well  separated  in  front,  surface  with  many  rather  small 
punctures,  abdomen  with  a  few  very  short  hairs;  the  abdomen,  in 
swollen  female,  is  very  elongate;  legs  large  and  very  slender;  tarsi 
(PL  II,  fig.  2)  tapering  to  tip;  coxie  I,  II,  and  III  (PI.  II,  fig.  1) 
with  a  small  apical  process  behind.  Stigmal  plate  circular,  peritreme 
circular,  surface  with  many  minute  gra nidations. 

Length  of  female  shield,  1.5  mm. 

Several  specimens  from  Pacific  Grove,  Cal.,  on  a  cormorant.  It  was 
described  by  Birula  from  Unalaska  Island,  and  through  the  kind- 
ness of  that  gentleman  I  have  examined  one  of  his  cotypes.  Appar- 
ently the  same  species  has  been  described  by  Neumann  from  Japan  as 
Ixodes  parvii'ostris. 

Ceratixodes  putus  Cambridge. 

Female. — Shield  and  legs  dull  yellowish;  abdomen  pale  brownish. 
Capitulum  (PL  II,  fig.  4;  PL  IX,  fig.  6)  more  than  twice  as  broad 
as  long,  rather  wider  at  outer  base  of  palpi  than  elsewhere,  hind 
angles  not  prominent,  porose  areas  large,  approximate,  pointing  out- 
ward. Palpi  (PL  II,  fig.  4)  rather  large,  second  joint  with  four 
long  bristles  on  the  inner  side  below,  third  joint  Avith  a  swelling  on 
the  inner  side  near  base,  the  apical  joint  large,  with  a  bristle  each 
side.  Shield  (PL  II,  fig.  6)  plainly  longer  than  broad,  broadest  on 
anterior  third,  somewhat  concave  and  tapering  behind,  tip  rounded, 
the  lateral  lobes  distinctly  separated,  surface  with  many  irregTilarly 
placed  deep  punctures,  not  all  of  an  even  size;  abdomen  above  and 
below  with  many  long  hairs.    Legs  large  and  slender,  the  tarsi  (PL 

II,  fig.  5)  strongly  humped  above  before  tip;  coxae  wholly  unarmed. 


22  IXODOIDEA^  OR    TICKS,  OF   THE    UNITED    STATES. 

Stigmal  plate  (PL  II,  fig.  8;  PL  IX,  fig.  6)  L'lrge,  nearly  circular, 
with  a  circular  peritreme,  surface  minutely  granulate. 

Length  of  female  shield,  l.T  mm. 

Male. — Body  subrectangular,  narrowed  in  front  of  third  pair  of 
legs,  broadly  rounded  behind.  Shield  not  reaching  to  tip,  with  many 
subequal  punctures,  some  hairs  near  hind  margin  of  body;  venter 
finely  punctate;  stigmal  plate  as  in  the  female.  Capitulum  three 
times  as  broad  as  long,  with  a  median  depression;  mandibles  about 
one-half  as  long  as  palpi,  hypostome  still  shorter,  palpi  (PL  TI,  fig.  7) 
cylindrical,  third  joint  prolonged  in  an  acute  point,  the  fourth  joint 
projecting  below  from  near  the  base.  Legs  rather  slender;  coxa) 
unarmed;  the  tarsi  tapering,  fourth  with  apical  tooth  and  subter- 
minal  tubercle  beneath. 

Length  of  male,  3.8  mm. 

Specimens  come  from  St.  Paul  Island,  Alaska,  and  Bering  Island. 
Birula  records  it  from  Unalaska,  and  Kramer  and  Neuman  from 
Bering  Island.  Cambridge  described  it  from  Kerguelen  Island,  Ant- 
arctic Ocean,  and  Evans  and  others  have  taken  it  from  the  western 
isles  of  Scotland.  It  is  probable  that  the  Ixodes  iiri<v  of  White  (a 
manuscript  name)  from  Arctic  America  is  the  same  species.  It 
occurs  on  several  large  migratory  sea  birds. 

Genus  IXODES  Latreille. 

Venter  showing  a  pair  of  submedian  grooves  reaching  forward 
from  hind  margin  of  body  and  connected  in  front  of  anus;  no  groove 
behind  anus.  Capitulum  produced  anteriorly  in  the  middle;  porose 
areas  subtriangular.  Palpi  rather  slender,  at  least  in  female,  the 
second  joint  usually  twice  as  long  as  broad,  the  third  not  very  much 
shorter,  longer  than  broad  and  tapering  toward  tip.  Shield  without 
markings;  no  ocelli.  Coxa  I  close  to  rostrum,  with  one  or  two  teeth 
behind ;  coxa  IV  of  male  not  enlarged.  Posterior  margin  of  body 
Avithout  festoons.  Stigmal  plate  circular  or  elliptic.  Tarsi  II,  III, 
and  IV  divided,  the  basal  part  shorter  than  the  apical  part,  and  no 
tooth-like  claw  at  apex. 

Type, — Ixodes  ricinus  Linnaeus. 

Our  species  are  numerous,  and  probably  there  are  several  yet  to 
be  found  by  more  thorough  exploration. 

Table  of  the   Species. 

1.  Tarsus  I  fully  one  find  one-half  times  as  long  as  the  metatarsus 2 

Tarsus  I  barely  more  than  one  and  one-fourth  times  as  long  as  the 

metatarsus 6 

2.  A  stout  backward-directed  tooth  on  under  side  of  rostrum  from  near 

base  of  each  palpus;  shield  fully  twice  as  long  as  broad,  with  def- 
inite lateral  carinse;  porose  areas  about  as  long  as  broad diversifossus. 

No  such  teeth  on  rostrum  below,  at  most  only  a  tubercle;  shield 
broader,  and  rarely  with  definite  carime ;  porose  areas  plainly 
broader  than  long 3 


Tech.  Series  1  5,  Bl  reau  of  Entomology,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  il 


IXODOIDEA,  OR  TiCKS,   OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 

Fig.  l.—Cemtixodcs  signatns,  female  shield  and  coxae.  Fig.  2. — Ceratixodcs  signatus,  tarsi  I  and  IV. 
Fig.  3. — Ceratixodes  signatus,  capitulum  of  female.  Fig.  4. — Ceratixodes  putus,  eapitulum  and 
palpus  of  female.  Fig.  5.— Ceratixodes  putus,  tarsi  I  and  IV.  Fig.  6.— Ceratixodes  putus,  shield 
of  female.  Fig.  7. — Ceratixodes  putus,  palpus  of  male  below.  Fig.  8. — Ceratixodes  putus,  stigmal 
plate  of  female.  Fig.  9.— Ixodes  ricinus,  capitulum  and  tarsus  I  of  female.  Fig.  10.— Ixodes 
ricinus,  coxse  of  female.  Fig.  11. — Ixodes  scapularis  ?,  stigmal  plate  of  nymph.  Fig.  12. — Ixodes 
californicas,  female  shield  and  capitulum.  Fig.  13.— Ixodes  ricinus,  female  shield  and  stigmal 
plate.  Fig.  14.— Ixodes  scapularis,  mandible,  and  coxse  I  and  II.  Fig.  lb.— Ixodes  scapularis, 
capitulum,  tarsi  I  and  IV,  and  shield,  of  female;  stigmal  plate  of  male.    (Original.) 


GENUS    IXODES   LATREILLE.  23 

3.  Shield  about  one  and  one-half  times  longer  than  broad;  all  coxre  with 

spines;  second  joint  of  palpus  about  four  times  as  long  as  broad; 
porose  areas  occupying  greater  part  of  capitulum ;  a  small  tooth  at 

base  of  each  palpus brunneus. 

Shield  but  little  longer  than  broad;  only  coxa  I  spined  (in  female)  ; 
second  joint  of  palpus  scarcely  three  times  as  long  as  broad;  porose 
areas  smaller 4 

4.  Shield  not  angulate  on  sides,  no  lateral  carimie;  porose  areas  separated 

by  fully  their  length;  tarsus  I  rather  shorter scaiiuUiri.^. 

Shield  slightly  angulate  on  sides,  with  traces  of  lateral  carinas 5 

5.  Porose  areas  large,  separated  by  less  than  their  length;  coxa  I  with 

very  long  spine ricinus. 

Porose  areas  smaller,  more  widely  separate ;  coxa  I  with  shorter  spine ; 
shield  more  rhomboidal calif ornicus. 

6.  Shield  with  definite  lateral  carinje 7 

Shield  without  definite  lateral  carinae;  coxa  I  with  a  short  spine 11 

7.  A  large  tooth  each  side  under  rostrum ;  coxa  I  with  one  long  spine 10 

No  such  teeth  under  rostrum 8 

8.  Shield  fully  one  and  one-half  times  as  long  as  broad;  coxa  I  with  rather 

short  spine;  porose  areas  triangular angustiis. 

Shield  not  one  and  one-half  times  as  long  as  broad ;  coxa  I  with  long 
spine;  porose  areas  not  triangular 9 

9.  Porose    areas    as    long   as    broad,    the    area    separating    them    with    a 

scar sculpt  us. 

Porose  areas  broader  than  long,  no  scar  between  them cookei, 

10.  Shield  narrowed  behind;   hind  angles  of  capitulum   very   prominent; 

porose  areas  broader  than  long,  very  small pratti. 

Shield  very  broad  behind ;  hind  angles  of  the  capitulum  barely  distinct ; 
porose  areas  nearly  as  long  as  broad dentatus. 

11.  Shield  finely  punctate,  about  one  and  one-half  times  as  long  as  broad; 

third  joint   of  palpus  longer   than   broad;    porose  areas   small,   sep- 
arated by  their  width marxi. 

Shield  coarsely  punctate,  barely  longer  than  broad ;  last  joint  of  palpus 
about  as  broad  as  long ;  porose  areas  larger,  not  separated  by 
width hexagonus. 

Ixodes  arcticus  Osborn. 

This  was  described  from  one  specimen  taken  from  a  seal  from  the 
Pribilof  Islands.  It  is  recorded  (No.  3500)  in  the  type  catalogue  of 
the  Division  of  Insects,  U.  S.  National  Museum,  but  diligent  search 
on  several  occasions  has  failed  to  discover  the  specimen,  therefore 
I  am  compelled  to  copy  the  description  of  Professor  Osboni,  wdiich 
is  not  as  specific  as  I  could  wish,  yet  indicates  that  the  species  is  a 
good  one : 

"  Elongate  oboval,  slightly  contracted  behind  the  middle,  finely 
transversely  striated ;  dorsal  shield  deep  chestnut  browai,  oval  except 
where  truncated  to  join  head;  two  divergent  impressed  lines  or  fur- 
rows from  near  the  anterior  margin  to  behind  the  middle,  wdiere  they 
terminate  abruptly,  and  external  to  wdiich,  near  their  ends,  are  short, 
impressed  lighter  marks,  one  on  either  side.  Palpi  rather  short, 
blunt,  truncate  at  apex,  sharp  edged,  flat,  and  somewhat  impressed 


2-4  JXODOIDEA^  OR    TICKS,  OF   THE    UNITED    STATES. 

above;  legs  blackish  except  the  joints,  long,  strong.  The  dorsum  of 
the  expanded  abdomen  has  two  deep  parallel  furrows  anteriorly  and 
three  posteriorly,  and  the  ventral  surface  has  the  ordinary  furrows  of 
the  genus,  much  as  in  ricinus.  The  color  of  the  alcoholic  specimens 
is  a  testaceous  j^ellow.  Length  of  expanded  female,  G  mm.  Length 
of  dorsal  shield,  L^H  mm. :  width,  0.92  mm.'' 

Ixodes  californicus  Banks. 

Female. — Shield  yellow-brown,  legs  darker  brown,  abdomen  yel- 
lowish gray,  unspotted.  Capitulum  (PI.  II,  fig.  12)  not  nearly  as 
broad  as  in  /.  ricinus^  the  posterior  angles  acute,  the  porose  areas  sub- 
triangular,  but  plainly  broader  than  long,  and  separated  by  about 
their  length,  inner  edge  oblique ;  pali)i  moderate,  second  joint  plainly 
a  little  longer  than  the  third,  the  latter  not  twice  as  long  as  broad. 
Shield  (PI.  II,  fig.  12)  but  little  longer  than  broad,  somewhat  trape- 
zoidal, the  outer  sides  rather  anguhite  before  the  middle,  lateral  cari- 
nae  not  distinct,  but  traceable,  punctuations  numerous  and  fine.  Abdo- 
men striate,  punctate,  and  hairy;  ventral  furrows  divergent  behind, 
legs  rather  slender,  very  hairy  below,  tarsus  I  fully  one  and  one-half 
times  longer  than  metatarsus,  tapering  to  the  tip,  tarsus  IV  but  little 
longer  than  metatarsus,  tai)ering;  coxa  I  with  a  long,  sharp,  basal 
spine,  and  a  minute  tooth  at  apex  behind  to  all  coxa^;  stigmal  plate 
rather  small,  nearly  circular,  and  its  surface  finely  granulate. 

Length  of  female  shit^ld,  1.2  mm. 

Male. — Similar  to  that  of  /.  ,S('apularls^  but  the  shield  has  more 
nearly  parallel  sides,  and  the  stigmal  plate  is  nearly  circular,  the 
palpi  are  very  short,  and  coxa  I  has  a  long,  sharp  spine  behind. 

Length  of  male,  2  mm. 

Specimens  from  Claremont,  Santa  Clara  County,  Santa  Cruz 
Mountains,  and  Redwood  Creek,  Humboldt  County,  all  California. 
The  hosts  were  gray  fox  and  black-tail  deer. 

Separated  from  /.  ricinus  by  shape  of  the  porose  areas,  and  from 
/.  scapularis  by  more  distinct  lateral  carinae,  and  many  minor  points. 

Ixodes  ricinus  Linnaeus.     (PL  IX,  fig.  5.) 

Female. — Shield  reddish  brown,  body,  legs,  and  palpi  a  paler 
brown,  unspotted.  Capitulum  (PL  II,  fig.  9)  very  broad  and  short, 
porose  areas  twice  as  broad  as  long,  not  separated  by  their  length, 
inner  edge  rounded,  outer  ends  nearly  reaching  to  basal  angle  of 
capitulum;  palpi  moderate,  second  joint  barely  longer  than  the  last, 
the  latter  fully  twice  as  long  as  broad.  Shield  (PL  II,  fig.  13) 
rather  elliptical,  plainly  longer  than  broad,  and  the  outer  sides  some- 
what angulate  much  before  the  middle,  lateral  carinas  short  and  in- 
distinct ;  many  small,  equal  punctures,  most  numerous  behind.  Legs 
long,  tarsus  I  (PI,  II,  fig.  9)  fully  one  and  one-half  times  as  long  as 


IXODES    RICINUS   LINN.^US.  25 

metatarsus,  tapering  to  tip,  tarsus  IV  also  slender  and  tapering; 
coxa  I  with  a  long  sharp  spine  at  base  and  a  minute  one  at  tip,  II 
with  a  small  tooth  at  tip  behind,  others  practically  unarmed.  (See 
PI.  II,  fig.  10.)  Abdomen  above  and  beloAV  punctate  and  with  many 
hairs;  in  female  before  engorgement  there  is  a  submarginal  groove, 
incomplete  behind ;  both  ventral  furrows  divergent  behind.  Stigmal 
plate  (PL  II,  fig.  13)  rather  large,  circular,  its  surface  minutely 
granulate. 

Length  of  female  shield,  1.1  nun. 

Specimens  in  Marx  collection  from  Kansas  on  sheep  and  from 
Texas  on  cattle.  I  have  compared  these  Avith  European  specimens 
and  they  seem  to  be  identical.  Possibly  they  were  introduced  into 
this  country  with  the  hosts.  I  have  not  seen  a  male.  Practically 
all  of  the  previous  records  of  this  species  in  this  country  apply  to 
Ixodes  scapularis  or  to  /.  coohei. 

Ixodes  scapularis  Sa}^     (PL  IX,  figs.  1,  2.) 

Female. — Shield  dark  red-brown,  almost  black;  legs  and  palpi 
paler;  abdomen  brown.  Capitulum  (PL  II,  fig.  15;  PL  IX,  fig.  2) 
quite  broad,  hind  angles  acute,  porose  areas  rather  large,  but  plainly 
smaller  than  in  /.  riciiius^  much  broader  than  long  and  separated  by 
fully  their  length,  their  inner  edge  somewhat  truncate,  and  their 
outer  angle  not  far  from  hind  angle  of  capitulum ;  palpi  elongate, 
second  joint  a  little  longer  than  the  last,  which  is  hardly  twice  as 
long  as  broad.  Shield  (PL  II,  fig.  15)  broad  in  front,  plainly  longer 
than  broad,  broadly  rounded  behind,  outer  sides  not  angulate,  and 
no  lateral  carimx?;  punctuations  fine  and  numerous  all  over  surface. 
Legs  long  and  slender;  tarsus  I  fully  one  and  one-half  times  as  long 
as  the  metatarsus,  and  tapering  to  tip;  tarsus  IV  plainly  shorter 
than  I,  tapering  to  tij)  (see  PL  II,  fig.  15)  ;  trochanters  I  and  II 
swollen  behind;  all  legs  very  hairy  below;  coxa  I  (PL  IX,  fig.  2) 
with  a  long  sharp  spine  behind  at  base,  and  a  small  apical  tooth, 
coxae  II  and  III  Avith  apical  tooth,  IV  unarmed  (see  PL  II,  fig.  14). 
Abdomen  finely  striate,  hairy,  not  prominently  punctate;  before  en- 
gorgement there  is  a  submarginal  groove  each  side;  stigmal  plate 
(PL  IX,  fig.  2)  circular,  its  surface  finely  and  evenly  granulate; 
ventral  furrows  divergent  behind. 

Length  of  female  shield,  1.3  mm. 

Male. — Dark  colored  as  in  female;  the  palpi  are  very  short,  second 
and  third  joints  no  longer  than  broad ;  shield  with  subparallel  sides, 
densely  punctate  and  very  hairy ;  legs  and  coxae  as  in  the  female ;  the 
stigmal  plate  (PL  II,  fig.  15)  large,  and  elongate. 

Length  of  male,  2  mm. 

From  many  places  in  the  South,  especially  abundant  in  Florida 
and  southern  Texas,  where  it  occurs  on  dogs  and  man  as  well  as  on 


26  IXODOIDEA^  OR   TICKS,  OF   THE    UNITED    STATES. 

various  wild  animals;  from  Norfolk,  Va.,  on  cattle;  McGregor,  Iowa; 
Texas  (Belfrage  Coll.)  ;  North  Carolina,  and  Texas  (Marx  Coll.)  ; 
Maryland,  on  sheep;  Indiana. 

This  species  is  readily  separated  from  /.  ricinus  by  smaller  porose 
areas  and  by  the  dark  shield.  It  has  been  confused  w4tli  /.  ricinus 
by  Neumann  in  the  Marx  collection;  however,  Neumann  described 
the  same  species  as  new,  /.  (iffi/ils,  from  Costa  Rica,  and  I  have  ex- 
amined some  of  his  type  material. 

Ixodes  brunneus  Koch. 

Fancdc. — Shield  brown,  paler  through  the  middle;  palpi  brown, 
pale  on  base;  legs  pale  brownish  yellow,  tarsi  paler,  other  joints 
marked  with  brown;  abdomen  brown,  usually  paler  than  the  shield. 
Capitulum  (PL  III,  fig.  \))  small,  hind  angles  not  prominent;  porose 
areas  very  large,  angulate  in  front,  separated  by  about  one-half  their 
length;  palpi  very  slender,  second  joint  plainly  longer  than  last,  lat- 
ter fully  twice  as  long  as  broad.  Shield  (PI.  Ill,  fig.  9)  about  one 
and  one-half  times  longer  than  broad,  widest  rather  before  the  mid- 
dle and  tapering  each  way,  no  lateral  carina?,  but  submedian  grooves 
distinct,  surface  with  many  fine  punctures,  lateral  lobes  wrinkled. 
Legs  slender,  tarsus  I  very  long,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  preceding 
joint,  tapering  to  tip,  hind  tarsus  also  tapering,  but  not  so  much 
longer  than  the  metatarsus;  coxa?  I  with  a  large,  short  spine  at  base 
and  all  coxae  with  a  distinct  tooth  at  apex  behind;  trochanters  II 
and  III  swollen  behind.  Body  striate  and  punctate,  with  numerous 
hairs;  anal  furrows  parallel  behind;  stigmal  plate  large,  circular,  and 
its  surface  with  quite  large  granules. 

Length  of  female  shield,  1.5  nun. 

Two  females  from  a  tufted  tit,  Raleigh,  N.  C.  (Brimley  Coll.)  ; 
also  one  female  from  hermit  thrush,  Baltimore,  Md.  (Hassall  Coll.). 
This  is  the  specimen  named  by  Neumann  I.i'odcs  frontalis.  At  that 
time,  however,  he  had  not  seen  the  type  of  /.  hrunneus.  Later,  in  a 
ke}',  he  separates  them  on  the  ground  that  hrunneus  has  the  tarsi 
attenuated  gradually,  while  in  fronUdis  they  are  narrowed  suddenly 
before  the  tip.  In  this  specimen  the  tarsi  are  certainly  not  attenuated 
suddenly,  but  are  like  the  North  Carolina  specimens.  There  is 
another  specimen,  in  the  collection  of  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural 
College,  which  was  taken  from  the  neck  of  a  "  chipping  bird,"  May  1, 
1895,  probably  from  Amherst,  or  near  l^y ;  and  the  Ixodes  kelloggi^ 
recently  described  by  Nuttall  and  Warburton,  is  evidently  the  same 
species,  although  the  description  is  very  brief.  Their  specimens  came 
from  Californian  birds.  Koch  described  the  species  from  one  female 
from  F  ring  ilia  alhicolUs^  from  North  America.  I  have  not  seen  the 
male.    Evidently  the  species  is  confined  to  birds. 


IXODES    DIVEKSIFOSSUS   NEUMANN.  27 

Ixodes  diversifossus  Neumann. 

Female. — Shield,  capitulum,  and  legs  very  dark  red-brown;  abdo- 
men grayish  yellow.  Capitulum  (PL  III,  fig.  12)  rather  triangular, 
long,  hind  angles  very  prominent;  porose  areas  rather  small,  sub- 
triangular,  much  more  than  width  apart;  palpi  long  and  slender. 
Shield  (PI.  Ill,  fig.  14)  plainly  a  little  longer  than  broad,  broadly 
rounded  behind,  broadest  in  front  of  middle,  lateral  carinse  distinct, 
reaching  margin ;  surface  with  mostly  small  punctures,  but  those  near 
the  margin  behind  are  very  large.  Abdomen  striate  and  punctate; 
anal  grooves  subparallel;  stigmal  plate  (PI.  Ill,  fig.  14)  large,  nearly 
circular,  coarsely  granulate;  coxae  I  (PI.  Ill,  fig.  14)  with  a  large, 
sharp,  basal  spine,  a  small  apical  cone  beyond  it,  and  similar  cone  on 
coxae  II  (PI.  Ill,  fig.  14)  and  III,  that  on  coxae  IV  very  indistinct; 
legs  long  and  slender,  tarsi  slender,  tarsus  I  (PL  III,  fig.  14)  about 
twice  as  long  as  preceding  joint;  all  tarsi  taper  to  tip.  Under  the 
beak  at  base  of  palpi  is  a  large  backward-directed  tooth  each  side 
(see  PL  III,  fig.  14). 

Length  of  female  shield,  1.6  mm. 

Two  specimens  (the  types)  from  a  raccoon.  New  Mexico,  in  the 
Hassall  collection,  and  kindly  loaned  by  Doctor  Hassall. 

Ixodes  hicornis  Neumann,  described  after  the  types  of  /.  diversi- 
fossus were  returned  to  the  United  States,  comes  extremeh^  close  to 
this  species,  and  I  think  is  identical.  It  is  from  Mexico,  and  I  have 
specimens  from  Doctor  Duges  agreeing  closelj^  with  the  description 
and  also  with  the  types  of  /.  diversifossus.  The  male  is  still  un- 
known. 

Ixodes  pratti  n.  sp. 

Female. — Dark  reddish  brown,  legs  and  palpi  paler.  Capitulum 
(PL  IV,  fig.  1)  broad,  outer  angles  rather  prominent,  posterior  angles 
distinctly  prolonged;  porose  areas  broader  than  long,  and  separated 
by  one-half  their  width;  palpi  short,  second  joint  about  one  and  one- 
half  times  as  long  as  broad,  last  joint  scarcely  as  broad  as  long;  below 
there  is  near  the  base  of  each  palpus  a  distinct,  stout,  downward-pro- 
jecting tooth  (see  PL  IV,  fig.  1) .  (Hypostome,  PL  IV,  fig.  5.)  Shield 
(PL  IV,  fig.  1)  a  trifle  longer  than  broad,  narrowed  behind,  lateral 
carinae  distinct  and  reaching  to  the  margin,  surface  rather  densely 
punctate,  and  man}^  of  the  punctures  quite  large.  Abdomen  striate 
and  punctate,  with  very  fine  hairs;  anal  grooves  plainly  divergent; 
stigmal  plate  (PL  IV,  fig.  1)  small,  almost  circular,  its  surface  with 
rather  large  granules.  Coxae  w^ith  a  minute  tooth  at  apex  behind ; 
coxa  I  (PL  IV,  fig.  1)  with  a  moderately  long  basal  spine  (not  as  long 
as  in  /.  coohei).  Legs  short  and  slender,  quite  hairy,  and  the  tarsi 
(PL  IV,  fig.  4)  tapering  to  the  tip. 

Length  of  female  shield,  0.9  mm. 


28  IXODOIDEA,  OR    TICKS,  OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

Male. — Body  very  slender,  more  than  twice  as  long  as  broad,  dark 
brown,  and  very  hair}^;  a  deeply  impressed  lateral  and  posterior 
groove;  surface  densely  punctate.  Capitulum  not  broader  behind 
than  long  in  middle,  sides  parallel,  posterior  angles  not  prolonged; 
palpi  short,  but  longer  than  width  of  capitulum,  the  third  joint  a 
little  longer  than  broad,  legs  rather  short,  coxce  I  with  a  very  long, 
slender  spine  behind,  II  with  two  humps  behind,  and  III  with  one 
hump;  venter  punctate;  stigmal  plate  (PI.  IV,  fig.  4)  twice  as  long 
as  broad,  finely  granulate. 

Length,  2  mm. 

A  pair  from  Kerrville,  Tex.,  May;  one  female  from  Sherwood, 
Tex.,  on  a  prairie  dog  (F.  C.  Pratt),  and  two  females  from  Walker 
Pass,  Death  Valley,  California,  from  llwinomys  (Fisher). 

This  species  differs  from  Ixodes  direrslfossvs  by  the  shorter  tarsi  I, 
by  the  absence  of  large  pits  on  posterior  part  of  the  shield,  by  shorter 
spine  on  coxa  I,  by  shorter  palpi,  and  has  several  minor  differences. 
Xymphs.  probably  of  this  species,  are  from  Kerrville  on  skunk,  and 
from  Del  Rio  on  rock  squirrel :  the  stigmal  plate  is  elliptical,  and  of 
peculiar  sculpture,  as  figured  (PI.  IV.  fig.  8). 

Ixodes  dentatus  Neumann.     (PL  IX.  fig.  3.) 

Fonalc. — Shield,  capituhim,  and  legs  dark  red-brown;  abdomen 
nearly  black.  Capitulum  (PI.  IV,  fig.  (*>;  PI.  IX,  fig.  3)  small,  hind 
angles  rather  prominent;  porose  areas  broader  than  long,  nearly  their 
width  apart;  shield  (PL  IV,  fig.  (>;  PL  IX,  fig.  3)  only  a  little  longer 
than  broad,  broad  behind,  lateral  carina?  distinct,  reaching  the  hind 
nuirgin,  the  middle  area  behind  densely,  finely  punctate,  elsewhere 
with  few  punctures.  Abdomen  (engorged  female)  elongate,  striate 
and  punctate,  with  many  very  short  hairs;  stigmal  plate  circular,  its 
surface  minutely  granulate,  the  stigma  nearly  central.  The  under 
side  of  the  rostrum  shows  a  stout  recurved  tooth  each  side,  just 
behind  the  bases  of  palpi  ( PL  IV,  fig.  G ;  PL  IX,  fig.  7) .  Coxae  I  with 
a  long  basal  spine  behind,  and  a  small  apical  tubercle,  and  similar 
one  on  coxae  II,  others  unarmed  (PL  IV,  fig.  G)  ;  legs  short,  finely 
haired. 

Length  of  female  shield,  1  nun. 

Described  from  the  t3^pe  specimen  in  the  Marx  collection,  taken 
from  a  rabbit  in  Maryland ;  the  palpi  are  broken  off.  This  is  the 
onW  specimen  I  have  seen:  it  is  very  distinct,  not  only  by  the  teeth 
on  the  rostrum,  but  also  by  the  shape  of  the  shield. 

Ixodes  cookei  Packard.     (PL  IX,  fig.  4.) 

Female. — Shield  yellow-brown,  legs  and  palpi  somewhat  paler, 
abdomen  gray-brown.  Capitulum  (PL  III.  fig.  4;  PL  IX,  fig.  4) 
rather  broad,  triangular,  the  hind  angles  moderately  prominent,  the 


Tech.  Series  15,  Bureau  of  Entomology,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agricul-ture. 


Plate  III. 


IXODOIDEA,  OR  TiCKS,  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 

Fig.  1.— Ixodes  cookei,  larva.  Fig.  2. — Ixodes  cookei,  base  of  palpus  of  nymph  from  below. 
Fig.  3. — Ixodes  cookei.  tip  of  palpus  of  nymph.  Fig.  4. — Ixodes  cookei,  capitulum  of  female. 
Fig.  h.— Ixodes  cookei,  tarsus  I.  Fig.  6. — Ixodes  cookei.  coxa  I.  Fig.  7.— Ixodes  cookei,  stigmal 
plate  of  female.  Fig.  8. — Ixodes  cookei,  snield  of  female.  Fig.  9. — Ixodes'  brunneus.  capitu- 
lum and  shield  of  female.  Fig.  10. — Ixodes  marxi,  capitulum,  coxae,  and  shield,  of  female. 
Fig.  11.— I.vodes  hexagonus,  coxse  of  female.  Fig.  12. — Ixodes  diversifossns,  capitulum  of 
female.  Fig.  13. — Ixodes  hexagonus,  capitulum  and  shield  of  female.  Fig.  14. — Ixodes  diversi- 
fossus,  shield,  tarsus  I,  stigmal  plate,  coxse  I  and  II,  and  tooth  beneath  rostrum — all  of 
feinale.    (Original.) 


36657— No.  15—08- 


IXODES    COOKET    PACKARD.  29 

porose  areas  about  one- fourth  broader  than  long,  one-half  their 
diameter  apart;  palpi  short  and  broad,  the  last  joint  barely,  if  any, 
longer  than  broad,  and  plainly  shorter  than  second  joint.  Shield 
(PL  III,  fig.  8)  only  a  trifle  longer  than  broad,  someAvhat  narrowed 
behind,  widest  part  plainly  in  front  of  the  middle,  its  surface  densely 
and  rather  coarsely  punctate,  the  lateral  carinae  moderately  distinct, 
running  out  slightly  behind  the  widest  part.  Abdomen  punctate  and 
with  extremely  short  hairs ;  in  engorged  specimens  elongate ;  the  anal 
furrows  subparallel  behind;  the  stigmal  plate  (PI.  Ill,  fig.  7;  PL  IX, 
fig.  4)  large,  elliptical,  the  surface  granulate  and  the  stigma  situated 
before  the  middle ;  coxae  with  a  small  apical  tooth  behind,  and  coxa  I 
(PL  III,  fig.  6)  with  a  long  stout  spine  at  base;  legs  rather  long  and 
large,  tarsi  suddenly  narrowed  before  tip,  tarsus  I  (PL  III,  fig.  5) 
but  little  longer  than  the  metatarsus. 

Length  of  female  shield,  1.5  mm. 

Male. — Yellow-brown,  the  palpi  very  short,  the  apical  joint  fully 
as  long  as  second;  shield  nearly  one  and  two-thirds  times  longer  than 
broad,  broadly  rounded  behind,  rather  densely  and  evenly  punc- 
tate, showing  three  shallow  furrows,  the  median  one  not  reaching  as 
far  forward  as  the  sublateral  pair;  stigmal  plate  large  and  like  that 
of  the  female ;  the  coxae  armed  the  same,  but  the  basal  spine  on  coxa  I 
has  a  more  slender  point. 

Length  of  male,  3.3  mm. 

This  species  is  common  on  small  mammals  in  the  Eastern  States,  as 
far  west  as  the  Rockies.  I  have  seen  it  from  Xorway,  ^le. ;  Salem,  Am- 
herst, and  Sherborne,  Mass. ;  Washington  Hollow,  Manlius,  Albany, 
Catskills,  Crane  Point,  and  Rensselaer  and  Greene  counties.  New 
York;  Pine  County,  Xew  Jersey;  Plummers  Island,  Maryland; 
Washington,  D.  C. ;  Agricultural  College,  Michigan;  Iowa;  St.  An- 
thony Park,  Minn.;  Brookings,  S.  Dak.;  Denver,  Colo.;  Kansas; 
Kerrville,  Tex.,  and  Guelph,  Ontario,  Canada.  The  known  hosts  in- 
clude fox,  mink,  weasel,  skunk,  pocket  gopher,  striped  gopher,  porcu- 
pine, woodchuck,  raccoon,  dog,  cat,  and  robin.  I  have  examined 
Packard's  type  of  this  species,  now  in  the  Museum  of  Comparative 
Zoolog}^,  and  typical  specimens  of  Ixodes  hexagoniis  var.  longispino- 
sus  of  Xeumann  which  are  identical  with  Packard's  form.  I  consider 
Fitch's  /.  cruciamiis  to  be  the  same ;  Fitch  gave  three  descriptions  of 
this  species — two  from  specimens  from  human  beings,  the  other  from 
a  specimen  from  mink ;  they  evidently  apply  to  this  species ;  all  were 
from  New  York.  In  both  cases  on  human  beings  the  bite  was  very 
severe,  and  medical  attention  was  necessary  in  one  case. 

Ixodes  angustus  Neumann. 

Female. — Shield  pale  broAvnish  yellow;  legs  very  pale  yellowish; 
abdomen  yellowish  gray.    Capitulum  (PL  IV,  fig.  2)  small,  triangu- 


30  TXODOTDEA,  OR    TICKS,  OF    THE    UNTTED    STATES. 

lar,  posterior  angles  acute,  the  porose  areas  long,  triangular,  nearly 
as  long  as  broad;  palpi  with  the  second  joint  plainly  a  little  longer 
than  the  last,  the  latter  about  one  and  one-half  times  as  long  as  broad. 
Shield  (PL  lY,  fig.  2)  elongate,  fully  one  and  one-half  times  as  long 
as  broad,  broadest  near  middle,  broadly  rounded  behind,  lateral  carinse 
distinct,  but  running  out  before  the  posterior  third,  surface  minutely 
punctate.  Abdomen  (engorged)  very  elongate,  with  very  short 
hairs,  the  anal  grooves  slightly  approximating  behind;  stigmal  plate 
(PL  IV,  fig.  2)  transversely  elliptical,  its  surface  minutely  granulate. 
Legs  short,  tarsus  I  suddenly  narrowing  before  tip,  other  tarsi  taper- 
ing to  tip,  tarsus  I  but  little  longer  than  metatarsus;  coxse  I  with  a 
rather  short,  stout  spine  at  base  behind,  and  a  tooth  near  apex,  a 
similar  tooth  on  coxa?  II  and  III,  coxae  IV  unarmed  (see  PL  IV, 
fig.  2). 

Length  of  female  shield,  1  mm. 

Male. — The  only  one  seen  is  very  small;  elliptical;  the  capitulum 
subtriangular,  the  palpi  extremely  short,  barely  longer  than  width 
of  capitulum:  the  shield  elliptical,  about  one  and  three-fourths  times 
as  long  as  broad,  and  but  little  broader  in  middle. 

Length  of  male,  1.5  mm. 

The  type  is  a  female  taken  from  Xeotoma  occidentalis  at  Shoshone 
Falls,  Idaho,  collected  by  Dr.  Cooper  Curtice,  and  now  in  the  col- 
lection of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  this  Department.  Other 
specimens  come  from  various  rodents  of  the  Northwest;  Glacier 
Bay,  Alaska :  Portland,  Oregon :  Massett,  British  Columbia ;  Walker 
Pass  and  Siskiyou  County,  California.  In  the  Fourth  Memoire  of 
his  Revision  Neumann  gives  a  second  description  based  on  two  speci- 
mens from  Argentina,  of  what  he  thinks  is  this  species;  it  differs  in 
several  points  of  structure,  and  evidently  is  not  the  same  species, 
since  the  man}^  specimens  of  /.  angustus  examined  by  me  agree  closely 
with  the  tj^pe. 

Ixodes  sculptus  Neumann. 

Female. — Shield  A^ellow-brown ;  legs  and  palpi  paler;  abdomen 
yellow-brown.  Capitulum  (PL  IV,  fig.  T)  elongate-triangular,  pos- 
terior angles  scarcely  prominent ;  porose  areas  large,  much  longer 
than  broad,  and  only  about  one-half  their  breadth  apart,  this  space 
containing  an  elongate  depression  or  scar.  Last  joint  of  palpus  one 
and  one-half  times  as  long  as  broad,  second  joint  plainly  a  little 
longer.  Shield  (PL  IV,  fig.  T)  one  and  one-fourth  times  as  long  as 
broad,  broadly  rounded  behind,  lateral  carinas  strong,  somewhat  in- 
curved, almost  reaching  the  margin,  the  surface  densely  and  very 
minutely  punctate.  Abdomen  punctate  and  with  many  longitudinal 
rows  of  short  yellowish  hairs ;  anal  furrows  subparallel ;  stigmal  plate 


IXODES    SCULPTUS    NEUMANN.  81 

rather  large,  elliptical,  its  surface  minutely  granulate;  all  coxse  (PL 
IV,  fig.  9)  with  a  small  apical  tooth  behind,  and  coxa  I  with  a  long 
basal  spine ;  legs  rather  long,  not  very  hairy,  and  the  tarsi  abruptly 
narrowed  near  tip,  tarsus  I  but  little  longer  than  the  metatarsus. 

Length  of  female  shield,  1.4  mm. 

The  type,  in  the  Marx  collection,  is  from  the  Santa  Cruz  Mountains, 
California.  I  have  also  seen  two  females  from  Del  Rio,  Tex.,  on 
rock  squirrel  (Bishopp),  which  agree  closely  with  the  type,  except 
that  the  color  is  darker,  the  shield  being  dark  red-brown,  and  the 
abdomen  nearly  black.  They  are  engorged,  and  the  abdomen  is 
elongate. 

Ixodes  hexagonus  Leach. 

Female. — Capitulum  and  shield  yelloAvish  brown;  legs  and  palpi 
paler;  abdomen  grayish  yellow.  Capitulum  (PI.  Ill,  fig.  18)  rather 
elongate,  hind  angles  slightly  produced,  porose  areas  large,  subtri- 
angular,  as  long  as  broad,  and  scarcely  half  their  diameter  apart; 
palpi  short,  second  joint  only  a  little  longer  than  broad,  last  not  as 
long  as  broad.  Shield  (PL  III,  fig.  13)  about  as  broad  as  long,  taper- 
ing behind,  the  anterior  sides  quite  long,  no  trace  of  lateral  carinae, 
surface  rather  eA^enh-  and  densely  strewn  with  quite  large  punctures. 
Abdomen  striate,  when  engorged  elongate;  punctures  and  hairs  very 
weak;  anal  grooves  subparallel;  stigmal  plate  moderately  large, 
nearly  oval,  the  stigma  in  front  of  middle,  its  surface  strongly  granu- 
late. Coxse  (PL  III,  fig.  11)  with  a  minute  black  tooth  at  apex  be- 
hind, and  coxa  I  with  a  very  short  spine  at  base.  Legs  moderately 
large,  hairy;  tarsi  tapering  to  tip,  tarsus  I  but  little  longer  than  the 
preceding  joint. 

Length  of  female  shield,   1.2  mm. 

Two  specimens  in  the  Marx  collection  from  sheep,  Kansas,  and 
labeled  by  Xeumann  as  typical  /.  hexagonus.  Possibly  they  were 
introduced  with  the  sheep.  Also  two  specimens  in  the  Hassall  col- 
lection from  rabbit.  Baltimore,  Md.,  labeled  by  Xeumann  as  typical 
/.  hexagonus.  The  specimens  in  the  same  collection  from  spermo- 
phile.  District  of  Columbia,  and  pocket  gopher,  Iowa,  also  labeled 
by  Xeumann  as  /.  hexagonus.^  are  not  that  species,  but  the  /.  coohei 
Packard  {longlsjnnosus  Xeum.)  The  four  females  from  the  United 
States  agree  quite  closely  with  a  German  specimen  in  the  Marx  col- 
lection, labeled  by  Xeumann  /.  hexagonus;  but  the  porose  areas  in 
the  European  specimen  are  more  pointed  in  front,  and  the  shield 
is  rather  more  coarsely  punctate  and  wrinkled. 

I  have  not  seen  a  male  from  the  United  States,  and  both  cases  of 
the  species'  occurrence  may  be  importations.  Xearly  all  the  previous 
records  of  this  species  in  this  country  refer  to  /.  coohei. 


32  IXODOIDEA^  OR    TICKS,  OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

Ixodes  marxi  n.  sp.     (PL  IX,  fig.  8.) 

Female. — Shield,  capitulum,  and  legs  pale  yellowish  gray.  Ca- 
pitulum  (PI.  Ill,  fig.  10)  rather  broad,  the  posterior  angles  hardly 
projecting;  porose  areas  somewhat  circular,  far  from  sides,  and 
nearly  their  diameter  apart ;  palpi  with  last  joint  fully  as  long  as 
broad,  plainly  shorter  than  the  second.  Shield  (PL  III,  fig.  10) 
about  one  and  one-half  times  as  long  as  broad,  broadest  much  before 
middle,  narrowed  behind,  with  concave  sides,  tip  broadly  rounded, 
lateral  carina?  jDractically  invisible,  surface  very  finely  and  rather 
sparsely  punctate.  Abdomen  with  fine  punctures  and  very  short 
hairs;  stigmal  plate  very  small,  nearly  circular,  surface  granulate; 
coxa?  (PL  III,  fig.  10)  almost  unarmed,  but  a  small  tooth  behind  on 
coxa}  I  and  II  and  a  short  spine  at  base  of  coxa  I ;  legs  rather  short, 
tarsi  suddenly  narrowed  before  tip. 

Length  of  female  shield,  1  nun. 

I  have  seen  this  species  from  Washington,  D.  C. ;  Salineville  and 
Wauseon,  Ohio;  Ithaca,  X.  Y. ;  Portland,  Mich.;  Guelph,  Ontario, 
Canada ;  and  Denver,  Colo.  It  has  usually  been  taken  on  red  squir- 
rels, but  the  specimen  from  the  last  locality  was  from  fox.  Two  of 
these  specimens  were  referred  doubtfully  by  Neumann  to  his  va- 
riety inchoatus  of  Ixodes  hexagonus^  which,  however,  has  an  earlier 
name  in  /.  canifUK/d  Johnston,  1849,  a  connnon  dog  tick  in  Scotland. 
Through  the  kindness  of  Dr.  William  Evans  I  have  obtained  speci- 
mens of  /.  canisuga  and  find  that  it  has  a  more  coarsely  punctate 
shield  than  our  species,  and  the  ])()rose  areas  are  larger,  while  the 
legs  are  larger  and  tliore  is  no  trace  of  a  s])ine  at  base  of  coxa  I.  I 
have  not  seen  the  male  of  /.  marxi.  I  name  it  in  honor  of  Dr.  George 
Marx,  who  had  recognized  its  distinctness  and  given  it  a  manu- 
script name. 

Genus    HiEMAPHYSALIS    Koch. 

Venter  showing  a  curved  groove  behind  the  anus,  and  from  this  a 
median  furrow  back  to  margin  of  body.  Capitulum  not  angulate  on 
sides;  porose  areas  large,  longitudinal,  distant.  Palpi  short,  second 
joint  with  an  acute  basal  prolongation  outward.  Shield  without 
markings ;  no  ocelli.  Abdomen  showing  festoons  behind ;  coxa  I  with 
one  tooth  behind ;  coxa  IV  of  male  not  enlarged.  No  anal  plates  in 
male.  Stigmal  plate  broad,  with  a  small  outer  point.  Tarsi  II,  III, 
and  IV  indistinctly  divided,  the  basal  part  shorter  than  the  apical 
part,  and  no  tooth-like  claw  at  apex. 

Type. — H.  concinna  Koch. 

I  have  seen  but  two  species  from  our  territory;  the  record  of  //. 
concinna  is  due  to  wrong  synonym}^ 


Tech.  Series  15,  Bureau  of  Entomology,  U.  S.  Bept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  IV. 


IXODOIDEA,  OR  TiCKS,   OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 

Fig.  1. — Ixodes  pratti,  shield  of  female,  eapituliim  of  female,  tooth  on  rostrum,  stigmal  plate  of 
female,  and  coxa  I.  Fig.  2. — Ixodes  angudus,  coxse,  stigmal  plate,  capitulum,  and  shield,  of 
female.  Fig.  3. — Ixodes  pratti,  stigmal  plate  of  nymph.  Fig.  4. — Ixodes  pratti,  stigmal  plate 
of  male  and  tarsus  I.  Fig.  5. — Ixodes  pratti,  hypostome.  Fig.  6. — Ixodes  dentatus,  teeth  below 
on  rostrum,  coxse,  capitulum,  and  shield,  of  female.  Fig.  7. — Ixodes  sculptus,  shield  and  capit- 
ulum of  female.  Fig.  8. — Hsemaphysalis  leporis-palustris,  capitulum  of  male.  Fig.  9.— Ixodes 
sculptus,  coxse  of  female.  Fig.  10.— Hsemaphysalis  leporis-palustris,  tarsus  I,  capitulum  and 
shield,  stigmal  plate,  and  coxa  I,  of  female.  Fig.  \l.— Hsemaphysalis  chordeilis,  shield  and 
capitulum,  coxse  I  and  IV,  tarsus  IV,  and  stigmal  plate,  of  female.    (Original.) 


GENUS    HiEMAPHYSALTS    KOCH.  33 

Table  of  the  Species. 

Shield  of  female  as  broad  as  long;  palpi  very  heavy  and  short chordeilis. 

Shield  of  female  longer  than  broad;  palpi  more  slender leporis-palnstris. 

Hsemaphysalis  leporis-palustris  Packard.     (PL  X,  figs.  2,  6.) 

Female. — Red-brown  to  black;  shield,  mouth  parts,  and  legs  red- 
brown,  without  markings.  Capitulum  (PL  IV,  fig.  10)  not  twice  as 
broad  as  long,  hind  angles  slightly  prominent,  porose  areas  elongate, 
separated  by  much  more  than  their  width,  a  ridge  on  the  outer  side  of 
each;  palpi  rather  elongate,  second  joint  with  a  sharp  projection  on 
the  outer  side  at  base;  the  inner  tip  is  inflated  above,  or  rather  its 
upper  edge;  the  third  joint  also  has  a  lamellar  edge  above  projecting 
over  the  hypostome,  and  below  there  is  a  row  of  hairs  on  the  second 
joint  (PL  X,  fig.  2)  ;  the  rostrum  below  has  a  distinct  spine  at  each 
hind  angle.  Shield  (PL  lY,  fig.  10)  plainly  longer  than  broad,  with 
many  large  punctures  above,  and  the  submedian  grooves  very  large 
and  deep.  Legs  rather  slender,  the  tibise  and  metatarsi  I  (PL  IV, 
fig.  10)  and  II  are  convex  below;  trochanter  I  has  a  large  projection 
above,  and  II  and  III  have  projections  behind,  Avlien  seen  from  be- 
low; coxa  I  (PL  IV,  fig.  10)  is  bifid  behind,  the  basal  projection  the 
longer;  other  coxse  each  with  a  very  small  projection;  all  coxae  have  a 
number  of  long  hairs.  Abdomen  striate,  and  Avith  many  deep  punc- 
tures. The  stigmal  plate  (PL  IV,  fig.  10)  is  as  broad  as  long,  with 
many  rather  large  granules. 

Length  of  female  shield,  0.9  mm. 

Male. — Paler  red-brown;  capitulum  (PL  IV,  fig.  8)  rather  narrow, 
its  posterior  angles  very  distincth'  prolonged;  palpi  shorter  than  in 
the  female,  but  the  inner  sides  inflated  above  as  in  the  female;  body 
nearly  twice  as  long  as  broad,  lateral  grooves  distinct,  but  no  basal 
furrow  to  the  eleven  festoons;  dorsal  surface  rather  densely  and 
evenly  punctate.  The  legs  are  as  in  the  female,  and  the  coxse  armed 
the  same,  coxa  I  being  rather  more  strongly  bifid  behind ;  the  rostrum 
shoAvs  below  the  two  small  teeth  behind  as  in  the  female.  The  stig- 
mal plate  is  subtriangular,  as  broad  behind  as  long,  its  surface  rather 
coarsely  granulate. 

Length  of  male,  1.6  mm. 

The  nymph  has  the  shield  fully  as  long  as  broad,  and  broadly 
rounded  behind. 

Specimens  come  from  Virginia ;  Shreveport,  La. ;  Columbus  and 
Victoria,  Tex.,  Grand  Canyon,  Ariz.;  Kern  County,  CaL;  Maver- 
ick, Tex. ;  Keene  Valley  and  Dannemora,  X.  Y.  Packard's  types  were 
from  Xorth  Carolina.  It  is  usually  found  on  rabbits,  but  the  young 
are  often  taken  from  birds,  as  quail,  lark,  etc. 


34  IXODOIDEA,  OR    TICKS,  OF   THE    UNITED    STATES. 

Haemaphysalis  chordeilis  Packard. 

Female. — Shield,  legs,  and  palpi  rather  uniform  reddish  brown, 
abdomen  more  yellowish  brown.  Capitulum  (PI.  IV,  fig.  11) 
nearly  twice  as  broad  as  long,  hind  angles  barely  prominent ;  porose 
areas  large,  and  limited  by  a  ridge  each  side;  palpi  broad,  second 
joint  with  a  prominent  sharp  tooth  on  outer  side  at  base,  the  two 
palpi  together  broader  than  long.  Shield  (PI.  IV.  fig.  11)  about  as 
broad  as  long,  strongly  and  densely  punctate,  the  punctures  most 
numerous  at  the  submedian  .grooves.  Legs  rather  short,  tarsi  (PI. 
IV,  fig.  11)  shorter  than  in  //.  Jeporis-pcdustris,  cox?e  (PL  IV,  fig. 
11)  with  distinct  projections  behind;  that  on  coxa  I  is  fully  one-half 
the  width  of  that  joint.  Body  striate,  and  with  scattered,  broad, 
deep  punctures.  Stigmal  plate  (PI.  IV,  fig.  11)  longer  than  broad, 
with  a  short  but  distinct  dorsal  prolongation,  its  surface  finely  granu- 
lated. 

Length  of  shield,  1  nun. :  whole  s^^ecimen,  5.5  mm. 

The  types,  two  engorged  females  from  a  nighthawk  at  Milton, 
Mass.,  are  in  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zook)gy,  where  I  have 
studied  them.  I  have  also  seen  a  female  from  Taftsville,  Vt.,  from  a 
turkey. 

Neumann,  in  his  "  Revision,"  had  placed  this  species  as  a  synonym 
of  H.  leporis-pdhifstr'ts.  but  it  is  plainly  distinct.  I  have  not  seen  the 
male,  but  a  nymph  from  the  killdeer,  taken  at  Fort  Collins,  Colo., 
may  belong  to  this  species. 

Genus  RHIPICEPHALUS  Koch. 

Venter  showing  a  curved  groove  behind  anus  and  a  median  line  to 
the  posterior  margin  of  body.  Capitulum  angulate  on  sides;  porose 
areas  triangular,  approximate.  Palpi  short  and  broad,  no  trans- 
verse ridges.  Shield  without  markings;  ocelli  present.  Abdomen 
showing  festoons  behind.  Coxa  I  strongly  bidentate  behind;  hind 
coxa  not  enlarged  in  male.  Stigmal  plate  subcrescentic  or  reniform. 
Male  with  distinct  anal  plates.  Tarsi  II,  III,  and  IV  indistinctly 
divided,  the  basal  part  shorter  than  the  apical  part;  no  distinct 
tooth-like  claw  at  apex.  The  palpi  have  on  the  lower  edge  a  series 
of  long  flattened  teeth,  as  represented  in  the  figure.  . 

Type. — R.  sangnineyfi  Latreille. 

We  have  but  one  species  of  this  genus,  a  form  very  similar  to  the 
type  species. 

Rhipicephalus  texanus  n.  sp. 

Male. — Red-brown,  without  markings;  legs  paler.  Capitulum 
(PI.  V,  fig.  1)  broad,  lateral  angles  acute,  hind  angles  barely  pro- 
longed; palpi  (PL  V,  fig.  2)  very  short,  not  as  long  as  half  the  width 
of  the  capitulum,  but  as  long  as  the  hypostome,  their  tips  acute.    Dor- 


Tech,  Series  15,  Bureau  of  Entomology,  U.  S.  Dept,  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  V. 


IXODOIDEA,  OR  TiCKS,  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 

Fig.  1. — Rhipicephalus  texanus,  shield,  capitulum,  and  mandible,  of  female;  c-apitulum  and  stigmal 
plate  of  male.  Fig.  2. — Ehipicephalus  texanus,  palpus  from  beneath.  Fig.  S.—Bhipicephalus 
texanus,  stigmal  plate  of  female,  anal  plates  of  male,  and  coxa  I.  Fig.  4. — Rhipicephalus  texanus, 
tarsi  I  and  IV.  Fig.  b.—Margaropus  annulatus,  stigmal  plate  of  nymph  and  coxa  I  of  male. 
Fig.  6.—Margaropus  annulatus,  shield,  capitulum,  and  coxa  I,  of  female.  Fig.  l.—Margaropus 
annulatus,  tarsus  IV  of  male,  stigmal  plate  of  female,  and  shield  and  capitulum  of  nymph. 
(Original.) 


RHIPICEPHALUS    TEXANUS    N.   SP.  35 

sum  one  and  one-half  times  as  long  as  broad,  the  shield  still  more 
narrow,  and  with  subparallel  sides,  leaving  broad  lateral  and  apical 
margins,  the  latter  with  twelve  impressed  lines;  the  shield  with  a 
definite  lateral  groove  reaching  back  from  the  eyes,  and  behind  are 
seven  festoons,  without  basal  groove ;  also  two  submedian  impressions, 
and  three  in  the  apical  part,  the  median  one  the  longest ;  surface  with 
many  subequal  punctures.  Legs  rather  long,  the  fourth  pair  thick- 
ened, anterior  tarsi  (PL  V,  fig.  4)  rather  slender;  coxse  I  (PI.  V,  fig. 
3)  with  two  processes  behind  on  the  style  of  Derniacentor^  the  inner 
one  much  the  thicker,  other  coxae  unarmed.  Each  side  of  the  anus 
is  an  elongate  triangular  plate  (PI.  V,  fig.  3)  ;  the  apex  of  the  abdo- 
men is  somewhat  pointed;  the  stigmal  plate  (PL  V,  fig.  1)  is  elon- 
gate, barely  tapering  behind  and  the  tip  upcurved,  its  surface  with 
many  small  granules. 

Length  of  male,  2.7  mm. 

Female. — Red-brown;  legs  pale;  no  markings.  Capitulum  (PL 
V,  fig.  1)  broad,  lateral  angles  acute,  hind  angles  distinct,  but  little 
produced;  porose  areas  triangular,  situated  on  posterior  part  of  ca- 
pitulum, and  touching  on  basal  inner  angle;  palpi  short,  apex  sub- 
acute. Shield  (PL  V,  fig.  1)  plainly  longer  than  broad,  broadly 
rounded  behind,  eyes  farther  back  than  in  most  ticks,  surface  with 
many  large  punctures,  furrows  separating  the  lateral  lobes  very  dis- 
tinct and  reaching  to  the  hind  margin.  Legs  slender,  all  tarsi  long, 
coxae  I  (PL  V,  fig.  3)  armed  with  two  spines  as  in  the  male,  other 
coxae  unarmed,  but  with  transverse  ridges.  Stigmal  plate  (PL  V, 
fig.  3)  not  very  much  longer  than  broad,  with  a  prominent  dorsal 
prolongation,  its  surface  with  many  distinct  granules. 

Length  of  female  shield,  1.3  mm. 

Specimens  have  been  taken  at  several  places  in  Texas — San  Anto- 
nio, Victoria,  Brownwood,  Brownsville,  Green  Lake — and  from 
Albuquerque,  N.  Mex.  It  also  occurs  in  Mexico.  It  has  been  taken 
from  dogs  and  horses. 

Genus  MARGAROPUS  Karsch. 

Venter  without  distinct  ciu'ved  groove  behind  anus,  but  no  subme- 
dian furroAvs.  Capitulum  angulate  on  sides;  porose  areas  elliptic, 
distant.  Palpi  short  and  broad,  second  and  third  joints  with  trans- 
verse ridges.  Shield  without  markings;  ocelli  present.  Abdomen 
showing  more  or  less  distinct  festoons  behind.  Coxa  I  bidentate  be- 
hind, coxa  IV  of  male  slightly  larger  than  the  others.  Four  anal 
plates  in  male.  Stigmal  plate  subcircular.  Coxae  I  more  distant 
from  the  rostrum  than  in  most  ticks.  Tarsi  II,  III,  and  IV  indis- 
tinctly divided,  the  parts  subequal  in  length ;  and  a  distinct  tooth-like 
claAv  at  tip. 


36  IXODOIDEA,  OR   TICKS,  OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 

Type. — M.  icinthemi  Karsch. 

The  replacement  of  the  familiar  Boophilus  by  this  almost  unknown 
name  is  a  case  where  the  inflexible  application  of  the  law  of  priority 
IS  greatly  to  be  deplored,  especially  since  there  is  no  resulting  benefit 
whatever  to  science. 

But  one  species  has  as  yet  been  found  in  the  United  States,  but  an 
allied  form  is  known  from  the  West  Indies,  and  will,  perhaps,  some 
day  occur  in  our  country. 

Margaropus  annulatus  Say.  , 

Male. — Small,  brownish  yellow,  legs  paler,  no  markings.  Capitu- 
lum  (PI.  X,  fig.  8)  rather  crescentic,  acute  on  lateral  angles,  hind 
angles  prolonged  into  short  spines;  palpi  extremely  short,  shorter 
than  the  hypostome,  the  joints  with  transverse  acute  ridges.  Dor- 
sum one  and  one-half  times  longer  than  broad,  broadest  near  hind 
end,  surface  usually  indicating  two  furrows  in  front,  sublateral,  and 
three  furrows  l)ehind,  with  many  rather  small  subequal  punctures; 
festoons  indistinct,  but  usuallv  nine  of  tliem  indicated.  Leffs  slender, 
the  first  ])air  short,  fourth  pair  nnich  larger  than  the  others:  tarsi 
(PL  V,  fig.  T)  short ;  all  with  scattered  hairs.  Coxse  I  (PL  V,  fig.  5) 
with  two  spines  behind,  the  inner  one  ver}^  short,  the  outer  one  more 
slender  and  sometimes  very  long,  and  in  front  a  long  spine-like  pro- 
cess; other  coxa'  mutic.  Two  prominent  long  adanal  plates,  and 
each  side  a  smaller,  shorter,  curved  plate;  the  tips  of  these  four  plates 
are  seen,  in  a  dorsal  view  of  tlie  tick,  projecting  behind  the  posterior 
margin.  Stigmal  plate  small,  subelliptical,  Avith  about  twenty-five 
or  thirty  largo  granules  and  many  smaller  ones. 

Length  of  female,  2.2  nun. 

Female. — Shield  red-brown,  often  very  dark,  abdomen  bright?r  red- 
brown  :  legs  pale:  no  markings.  Capitulum  (PL  V,  fig.  (>;  PL  X,  fig. 
T)  broad,  hind  angles  barely  distinct,  lateral  angles  acute;  palpi  ex- 
tremely short,  much  shorter  tlian  the  hypostome,  and  with  ridges,  as 
in  male;  porose  areas  elliptical,  widely  separated,  and  pointing  out- 
ward. Shield  (PL  V.  fig.  G)  plainly  longer  than  broad,  broadest  at 
eyes,  quite  suddenly  narrowed  behind  the  eyes;  surface  wrinkled,  but 
the  middle  of  front  is  smooth;  a  few  punctures,  mostly  lost  in  the 
wrinkles.  Abdomen  with  fine  hairs;  legs  small  and  slender,  hairy; 
coxae  unarmed;  stigmal  plate  (PL  V,  fig.  7)  small,  only  a  little  longer 
than  broad,  with  a  number  of  scattered  visible  granules,  and  many 
very  minute  ones. 

Length  of  female  shield,  1.1  mm. 

Specimens  may  be  taken  from  cattle  in  many  parts  of  the  country, 
but  are  native  only  to  the  Southern  States,  where  they  occur  on  deer 
and  other  animals.     This  is  "  the  cattle  tick  "  and  the  proven  dis- 


MAKGAROPUS    ANNULATUS   SAY.  37 

seminator  of  southern  cattle  or  splenetic  fever.  Much  has  been  writ- 
ten upon  it,  and  its  life  history  is  fairly  well  known. 

It  was  described  by  Say  from  deer  from  Florida ;  described  by 
Koch,  and  later  by  Packard,  and  by  Riley  as  Ixodes  hovis.  Under 
this  name  it  was  long  known,  until  Curtice  proposed  for  it  the  genus 
Boophilus.  Neumann  has  recently  shown  that  the  type  of  Margaro- 
pus  is  a  true  Boophilus^  therefore  it  is  necessary  to  drop  the  familiar 
cognomen,  under  which  it  had  become  of  prime  economic  importance. 
Neumann  at  first  considered  J/,  annulatus  to  be  of  Avorld-wide  distri- 
bution ;  but  in  1899  Fuller  separated  the  South  African  and  the  Aus- 
tralian forms,  and  now  it  is  believed  that  M.  annulatus  occurs  only 
in  North  America. 

Biological  and  economic  accounts  of  this  species  can  be  found  in 
Bulletin  No.  72  of  this  Bureau.  This  tick  is  rarely  recorded  from 
any  animal  other  than  cattle;  however,  Mr.  J.  D.  Mitchell  has  found 
it  on  sheep,  and  I  have  seen  specimens  taken  from  ponies  in  Michigan. 

Genus  AMBLYOMMA  Koch. 

Venter  with  a  distinct  curved  groove  behind  the  anus  and  a  more  or 
less  distinct  median  furrow  behind.  Capitulum  rather  small ;  porose 
areas  longitudinal.  Palpi  long  and  slender,  second  joint  about  twice 
as  long  as  broad,  third  very  much  shorter  than  the  second.  Shield 
usually  with  some  markings;  ocelli  present,  and  on  margin  of  the 
shield.  Abdomen  showing  festoons  behind  (except  in  distended 
female).  Coxa  I  with  one  or  tAvo  teeth  behind;  coxa  IV  of  male  not 
enlarged,  usually  with  a  spine  behind.  No  anal  plates  in  male. 
Stigmal  plate  subtriangular  or  elongate.  Tarsi  II,  III,  and  IV 
plainly  divided,  the  basal  part  much  shorter  than  the  apical  part,  and 
a  distinct  tooth-like  claw  at  apex. 

Type. — A.  cajenneicse  Fabricius. 

Table  of  the  Species. 

1.  Coxa   I  with  but  one  spine,   metatarsi    (except   I)    with  two  thickened 

spurs  at  tips;  second  joint  of  palpns  not  twice  as  long  as  third ;  porose 

areas  elongate;  sliield  brown,  with  silvery  marks inaculatiim. 

Coxa  1  with  two  spines ;  metatarsi  without  stout  spurs  at  tips,  only  slen- 
der hairs 2 

2.  Projections  of  coxa  I  blunt  and  short;   porose  areas  elongate;   second 

joint  of  palpus  not  twice  as  long  as  third;  coxa  IV  of  male  with  only 

a  tubercle  behind;  large  species tnherculatiim. 

Projections  of  coxa  I  longer,  and  at  least  one  of  them  sharp-pointed ; 
second  joint  of  palpns  twice  as  long  as  third;  coxa  IV  of  male  with  a 
long  spine  ;  smaller  species 3 

3.  Porose  areas  nearly  circular;  shield  of  both  sexes  pale  yellowish,  with 

some  silvery  streaks  and  marks,  and  some  reddish   spots;  shield  of 

female  as  broad  as  long cajennense. 

Porose  areas*  elongate;  shield  brown,  in  female  with  an  apical  silvery 
mark,  in  male  with  two  small  apical  and  two  or  four  other  silvery 
spots;  shield  of  female  longer  than  broad umcricanum. 


38  IXODOIDEA,  OR    TICKS,  OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

Amblyomma  tuberculatum  ]Marx. 

Male. — Shijeld  red-brown,  Avith  a  narrow  silvery  stripe  each  side, 
slightly  above  the  margin,  and  connected  behind  to  the  silvery  spots 
on  the  festoons;  from  behind  extend  forward  a  pair  of  rather  broad 
silvery  stripes  which  unite  somewhat  behind  the  middle  and  are  here 
connected  to  the  lateral  silver}'  stripes.  In  some  specimens  these 
markings  are  nnich  less  extensive,  but  the  sjDots  on  the  festoons  are 
always  distinct.  Capitulum  pale  in  middle  of  front,  and  also  a 
pale  spot  on  the  shield  just  behind  the  capitulum;  palpi  pale;  legs 
reddish  brown,  with  tips  of  joints  white;  venter  pale  yellowish 
brown.  The  capitulum  is  large  and  long,  the  hind  angles  rounded; 
palpi  short,  the  second  joint  not  twice  as  long  as  the  last. 
Dorsum  very  broad  in  front,  hardly  one  and  one-fourth  times 
longer  than  broad,  w^th  many  very  small  punctures,  some  larger 
ones  near  the  anterior  angles;  surface  generally  smooth;  no  lateral 
grooves,  nor  aii}^  before  the  festoons,  which  are  not  very  strongly 
marked.  Legs  large  and  long,  hairs  and  tubercles  below,  but  no  spurs 
at  tips  of  metatarsi;  the  tarsi  are  very  short;  coxa?  w^th  two  flattened 
tubercles,  except  IV,  which  has  only  one.  Stigmal  plate  (PI.  VI, 
fig.  8)  elongate,  end  tapering  and  upturned,  with  extremely  minute 
granules. 

Length  of  male,  o.o  to  G  nun. 

Female. — Reddish  brown,  shield  with  a  large  silvery  mark  each 
side,  containing  one  or  two  dark  spots,  and  two  divaricate  silvery 
stripes  extending  forward  from  the  hind  margin,  and  sometimes  con- 
nected to  the  lateral  spots ;  capitulum  paler  in  front  and  middle  than 
on  the  sides  and  behind;  palpi  pale;  legs  red-brown,  tips  of  joints 
whitish;  abdomen  brownish,  sometimes  showing  black  lines.  Capit- 
ulum (PL  VI,  fig.  8)  large  and  long,  hind  angles  rounded;  porose 
areas  rather  small,  elongate,  Avell  separated,  and  directed  forward; 
palpi  short,  second  joint  not  twice  as  long  as  last;  shield  pentagonal, 
sides  rounded,  plainly  broader  than  long,  and  broadest  in  front  of 
middle,  with  many  minute  punctures,  but  some  larger  ones  on  the 
anterior  lateral  lobes;  body  without  hairs,  usually  shining.  Legs 
large  and  long,  no  spurs  at  tips  of  metatarsi,  but  most  joints  with 
hair-bearing  tubercles  below;  coxae  armed  like  the  male,  and  just  as 
strongly.  Stigmal  plates  (PI.  VI,  fig.  8)  elongate,  of  peculiar  shape, 
being  longer  on  inner  than  on  outer  side,  an  elevated  smooth  boss 
occupying  the  outer  concave  side,  the  surface  with  very  minute  gran- 
ulations. 

Length  of  female  shield,  3.G  mm. 

Specimens  come  from  various  parts  of  Florida,  and  are  associated 
with  the  gopher  tortoise.  The  nymphs  have,  on  the  shield,  a  large 
silvery  spot  each  side,  united  behind  at  tips,  and  in  front  much  broken 
by  the  large  punctures. 


AMBLYOMMA   TUBERCULATUM    MARX.  39 

This  is  our  largest  tick,  and  a  very  distinct  species,  allies  of  which 
occur  in  tropical  countries. 

Amblyomma  maculatum  Koch. 

Male. — Shield  brown,  lineate  with  silvery  white,  lines  more  or  less 
connected;  a  submedian  pair  in  front,  and  a  similar  pair  behind, 
uniting  in  the  middle;  two  lateral  streaks  connected  near  front,  and 
the  inner  one  connected  to  submedian  at  middle;  usually  a  few  iso- 
lated white  spots  on  the  festoons,  but  there  is  variation  in  the  amount 
of  the  white;  legs  more  or  less  brownish,  usuall}'  showing  white  at 
tips  of  joints.  Capitulum  long,  its  posterior  angles  acute;  palpi 
short,  the  second  joint  about  one  and  one-fourth  times  longer  than  the 
last  joint.  Dorsum  nearly  twice  as  long  as  broad,  with  many  promi- 
nent punctures,  most  numerous  in  the  middle  region  and  in  furrows ; 
several  elevated  smooth  streaks;  lateral  furroAvs  very  prominent, 
arising  in  front  of  eyes;  festoons  strongly  marked.  Legs  rather 
heavy,  IV  (PI.  VI,  fig.  5)  pair  much  the  largest ;  all,  except  I  (PL  VI, 
fig-  '^)?  with  a  pair  of  stout  spurs  at  tip  of  metatarsus.  Coxa  I 
(PI.  VI,  fig.  5)  with  one  very  long,  sharp  spine,  only  a  trace  of  the 
basal  spine;  coxse  II  and  III  with  a  flattened  tubercle,  IV  (PL  VI, 
fig.  5)  with  a  slender  sharp  spine,  fully  as  long  as  width  of  joint. 
Stigmal  plate  (PL  VI,  fig.  7)  long,  slender,  its  tip  tapering  and  up- 
turned, surface  with  minute  granules. 

Length  of  male,  4  mm. 

Female. — Shield  silvery  white  behind,  on  front  brown,  the  white 
of  sides  usually  showing  an  elongate  broAvn  spot  behind,  and  the 
white  of  middle  extending  forward  in  two  streaks,  sometimes  wholly 
divided  by  a  broAvn  median  stripe;  legs  joale  brown;  abdomen  dark. 
Capitulum  (PL  VI,  fig.  10)  long,  hind  angles  scarcely  acute;  porose 
areas  elliptical,  widely  separated,  and  directed  forward;  palpi  short 
second  joint  but  little  longer  than  the  last.  Shield  pentagonal,  fully 
as  long  as  broad,  broadest  before  middle,  its  lateral  lobes  strongly 
punctured,  very  fcAv  punctures  behind ;  abdomen  without  hairs.  Legs 
large,  tarsi  slender,  metatarsi  (except  I)  with  a  pair  of  spurs  at  tip; 
coxae  armed  as  in  male,  except  that  the  hind  coxa  bears  only  a 
tubercle.  Stigmal  plate  (PL  VI,  fig.  9)  longer  than  usual,  with  a 
much  smaller  dorsal  prolongation,  its  surface  furnished  with  minute 
granules. 

Length  of  female  shield,  2  mm. 

Specimens  have  been  examined  from  various  places  in  Texas — 
Brazos  County,  Esperanza  Ranch,  Brownsville,  Victoria,  Harlingen, 
and  Columbus.  Other  localities  are  Cameron  Parish,  La. ;  Virginia 
(Niles)  :  Orlando,  Fla. ;  Memphis,  Tenn. ;  and  Tulare  County,  Cali- 
fornia. It  was  described  from  "  Carolina."  The  recorded  hosts  are 
36657— No.  1&— 08 i 


40  IXODOIDEA^  OR   TICKS^  OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

cattle,  horses,  dogs,  fox,  and  man.  It  apparently  is  not  common  ex- 
cept in  certain  localities  near  the  Gulf  coast.  It  is  very  readily  known 
by  the  spurs  at  apex  of  metatarsi,  a  character  not  previously  noted  by 
writers. 

Amblyomma  americanum  Linnaeus.     (PI.  VI,  fig.  1.) 

Male. — Body  usually  a  pale  brown,  or  j^ellowish  brown,  with  sev- 
eral small  yellow  spots — two  on  the  posterior  border  of  shield  rather 
close  together,  one  on  each  side  margin  in  front  of  the  former,  and  a 
pair  in  front  of  middle  of  shield,  behind  and  rather  inward  from 
the  eyes.  Sometimes  the  anterior  of  these  spots  are  indistinct,  but 
the  posterior  pair  are  nearly  always  distinct.  Legs  slightly  paler 
than  the  body.  Capitulum  broad,  its  posterior  angles  acute;  palpi 
not  very  long,  second  joint  about  one  and  one-half  times  as  long  as 
last  joint.  Dorsum  elongate,  broadest  in  middle,  surface  rather 
evenly,  densely,  and  minutely  punctate;  lateral  furrows  not  reach- 
ing to  eyes;  festoons  distinctly  limited.  Legs  short,  IV  (PL  VI,  fig. 
2)  pair  but  little  if  any  larger  than  I,  all  hairy  beneath;  coxa  I  (PI. 
VI,  fig.  3)  with  two  spines,  the  outer  the  longer,  a  flattened  tubercle 
on  coxae  II  and  III,  IV  with  a  slender  spine  behind  about  as  long  as 
width  of  the  joint;  stigmal  plate  (PL  VI,  fig.  3)  long,  semielliptical, 
its  tip  slightly  turned  up,  surface  with  many  minute  granulations. 

Length  of  male,  2.4  mm. 

Female. — The  shield  is  brown,  reddish  brown,  or  almost  black, 
often  paler  in  front,  on  the  posterior  lobe  a  large  prominent  yellow- 
ish spot;  legs  more  or  less  brownish  yellow.  Capitulum  (PL  VI, 
fig.  4)  rather  narrow,  hind  angles  rounded,  porose  areas  elliptic, 
divergent,  and  well  separated;  palpi  slender,  second  joint  twice  as 
long  as  last.  Shield  pentagonal,  about  as  broad  as  long,  broadest 
much  in  front  of  the  middle,  apex  nearly  truncate,  its  surface  densely 
punctate;  body  without  hairs;  legs  very  slender,  no  spurs  at  tips  of 
any  metatarsi;  coxae  armed  as  in  the  male,  except  that  the  spine  on 
coxa  IV  is  barely  longer  than  the  tubercles  on  coxae  II  and  III. 
Stigmal  plate  (PL  VI,  fig.  1)  subtriangular,  its  surface  minutely 
granulate. 

Length  of  female  shield,  l.T  mm. 

Specimens  come  from  various  places  in  the  Eastern  States — Wash- 
ington, D.  C. ;  Falls  Church,  Va. ;  Cape  Charles,  Va. ;  Chapel  Hill, 
N.  C. ;  Bee  Spring  and  Smiths  Grove,  Ky. ;  Springfield,  Willow 
Springs,  and  St.  Louis  (Packard's  type).  Mo.;  Florida;  Agricultural 
College,  Mich.;  Shreveport,  La.;  Austin,  Kerrville,  Llano,  Dallas, 
Mountain  Home,  and  Hockley,  Tex.  Marx  recorded  it  from  Lab- 
rador and  Sanborn  from  Massachusetts.  Fitch  recorded  it  from 
New  York,  and  it  was  described  by  Linnaeus  from  Pennsylvania  and 
New  Jersey. 


AMBLYOMMA   AMERICANUM    LINN^US.  41 

It  is  now  rather  uncommon  in  the  Eastern  States,  never  as  common 
as  Dermacentor  variabilis.  Fitch  wrote  in  1870  that  although  for- 
merly abundant  it  had  then  become  nearly  extinct,  he  having  seen 
only  one  specimen  from  New  York,  and  that  taken  forty  years  before 
he  wrote.  He  says  that  it  occurs  in  the  Southwest  in  woodlands, 
and  not  in  cleared  sections.  It  is  often  taken  from  cattle,  occasion- 
ally from  horses,  hogs,  dogs,  and  goats,  once  from  panther  and  wolf, 
sometimes  from  man,  and  rareh^  from  any  of  the  small  mammals.  It 
is  commonly  known  as  the  "  lone  star  tick,"  because  of  the  single 
3^ellow  spot  on  shield  of  female. 

The  Acams  americanus  of  Linnaeus  was  taken  by  the  traveler 
Peter  Kalm,  in  1754,  in  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey.  Its  descrip- 
tion Avill  fit  only  to  that  species  later  described  by  Packard  as  Ixodes 
vnipunctata.  Koch  correctly  identified  and  figured  the  species,  but 
Neumann  in  his  "  Revision  "  considered  americanus  to  apply  to  the 
Dermacentor  electus  Koch.  Later  he  changed,  and  used  america?ius 
for  this  species.     Fitch  correctly  identified  the  species. 

Amblyomma  cajennense  Fabricius. 

Male. — Pale  ^^ellowish  or  brownish  yellow,  with  several  irregular 
silvery  white  marks  and  streaks  each  side,  and  a  number  of  brown, 
often  reddish  brown,  spots,  all  arranged  to  form  a  definite,  but  com- 
plex, pattern ;  some  of  the  pale  spots  behind  are  bordered  with  brown. 
Legs  and  palpi  wholly  pale  yellowish,  or  greenish  yellow,  tarsi  some- 
times darker.  CajDitulum  subtriangular,  hind  angles  rounded :  palpi 
longer  than  Avidth  of  the  capitulum,  the  middle  joint  more  than 
twice  as  long  as  the  last ;  body  broad,  oval,  broadest  behind  middle, 
with  many  rather  small,  subequal  punctures,  but  with  four  convex 
smooth  spots  each  side,  and  a  smooth  median  streak  behind:  lateral 
furrows  very  distinct,  reaching  fully  up  to  the  eyes;  behind  are 
twelve  deeply  impressed  lines,  the  festoons  fully  tAvice  as  long  as 
broad.  Legs  rather  slender,  tarsi  long,  hind  tarsus  (PL  VI,  fig.  6) 
with  three  consecutive  teeth  below,  one  at  apex;  no  spurs  at  tip  of 
any  metatarsi,  but  long  hairs  below  on  all  joints:  coxa?  I  (PL  VII, 
fig.  2)  with  two  spines,  the  outer  one  much  the  longer,  coxae  II  and 
III  each  with  a  mere  tubercle,  coxa  IV  (PL  VII,  fig.  2)  with  a  spine 
about  as  long  as  width  of  the  joint.  Stigmal  plate  (PL  VII,  fig.  1) 
very  long  and  slender,  its  surface  with  many  minute  granulations. 
Length  of  male,  2.7  mm. 

Female. — Yellowish;  capitulum  with  some  dark  on  the  margin, 
shield  mostly  silvery,  wdth  a  brown  line  on  each  margin  reaching 
back  from  the  eyes ;  legs  pale  greenish  yellow,  tarsi  often  dark,  espe- 
cially of  legs  I  and  II.  Capitulum  (PL  VII,  fig.  1)  much  broader 
than  long,  hind  angles  acute ;  porose  areas  nearly  circular,  and  widely 


42  IXODOIDEA,  OR    TICKS^  OF   THE    UNITED    STATES. 


separated:  palpi  slender,  longer  than  width  of  the  capitulum,  mid- 
dle joint  about  twice  as  long  as  last.  Shield  pentagonal,  a  little 
broader  than  long,  anterior  sides  slightly  convex,  posterior  sides 
straight,  tip  rounded;  surface  densely  punctate;  body  with  scattered 
white  hairs.  Legs  slender,  tarsi  (PI.  VII,  fig.  2)  long,  coxse  armed 
as  in  the  male,  except  that  the  spine  on  coxa  IV  is  barely  larger  than 
that  on  coxse  II  and  III.  Stigmal  plate  (PI.  VII,  fig.  2)  subtri- 
angular,  as  broad  behind  as  long,  concave  on  upper  outer  edge,  its 
surface  covered  with  minute  granules. 
.  Length  of  female  shield,  1.8  mm. 
Specimens  come  from  various  places  in  the  South  and  Southwest. 
It  is  abundant  in  southern  Texas — San  Antonio,  Victoria,  Browns- 
ville, Uvalde,  Rocks  Resaca.  Weets  Ranch,  Live  Oak  County,  San 
Tomas,  etc.  I  have  it  also  from  Biscayne  Bay,  Florida ;  Fort  Bowie, 
Ariz.,  and  San  Diego  County,  California.  The  species  occurs  also 
in  Mexico,  Central  America,  the  West  Indies,  and  South  America. 
It  infests  a  great  variety  of  animals,  but  is  not  common  on  cattle  or 
horses.  This  species  was  described  from  Surinam,  and  later,  by 
Koch,  from  Brazil  under  several  names.  To  this  species  also  belongs, 
I  believe,  the  I.vodex  crctuitiini  of  Say,  for  none  of  our  other  species 
so  aptly  fits  his  description. 

Genus  DERMACENTOR  Koch. 

Venter  showing  indistinctly  a  cui'ved  groove  belli nd  the  anus,  from 
which  a  median  line  extends  to  margin  of  body.  Capitulum  not 
angulate  on  sides:  porose  areas  elliptic  and  transverse.  Palpi  short 
and  broad,  the  second  joint  bai'ely  longer  than  broad  and  with  a  basal 
projection  above,  but  not  outward.  Shield  usually  marked  with 
white;  ocelli  present.  Coxa  I  strongly  bidentate  behind;  coxa  IV 
of  male  much  larger  than  other  coxa?,  and  leg  IV  larger  than  other 
legs.  Abdomen  shows  festoons  behind  (except  in  distended  female). 
Xo  anal  plates  to  male.  Stigmal  plate  large,  usualh^  reniform  in 
female,  more  elongate  in  male.  Tarsi  II,  III,  and  IV  indistinctly 
divided,  the  parts  subequal  in  length,  and  a  minute  tooth-like  claw 
at  apex. 

Type. — D.  rtticidatus  Fabricius. 

Table  of   the   Species. 

1.  Females 2 

Males 8 

2.  Stigmal  plate  nearly  circular,  ^yitll  from  ten  to  twenty  very  large  more 

or  less  isolated  granulations;  shield  without  distinct  punctures;  color 

dark  red-brown,  without  markings nitens. 

Stigmal  plate  with  many  much  smaller,  more  crowded  granulations; 
shield  distinctly  punctured,  and  usually  with  some  pale  markings-.      3 


Tech.  Series  1  5,  Bureau  of  Entomology,  U.  S.  DepI,  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  VI. 


IXODOIDEA,  OR  TiCKS,  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Fig.  1. — Amblyomma  americanum,  male,  and  stigmal  plate  of  female.  Fig.  2.—Amhlyomma  ameri- 
canum,  stigmal  plate  of  nymph  and  tarsus  IV.  Fig.  3. — Amblyomma  americanum,  hypostome, 
shield,  and  capitulum  of  nymph,  stigmal  plate  of  male,  and  coxa  I.  Fig.  4. — Amblyomma 
americanum,  capitulum  of  female.  Fig.  5. — Amblyomma  macalatum,  tarsus  IV,  and  coxae  I  and 
IV.  Fig.  6. — Amblyomma  cajennense,  tarsus  IV  and  mandible  of  male.  Fig.  7. — Amblyomma 
maculatum,  tarsus  I,  and  stigmal  plate  of  male.  Fig.  8. — Amblyomma  tuberculatum,  capitulum  of 
female,  stigmal  plate  of  male  and  of  female.  Fig.  9. — Amblyomma  maculatum,  stigmal  plate  of 
female.    Fig.  10.— Amblyomma  maculatum,  capitulum  of  female.     (Original.) 


Tech.  Series  15,  Bureau  of  Entomology,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  VII. 


IXODOIDEA,   OR  TiCKS,  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 

Fig.  l.—Ambli/omma  cajennense,  capitulum  of  female  and  stigmal  plate  of  male.  Fig.  2. — Anibli/- 
omvia  cajennense,  stigmal  plate  and  tarsus  I  of  female,  coxa;  I  and  IV  of  male.  Fig.  3.—Derma- 
centor  variabilis,  capituhim  and  stigmal  plate  of  female.  Fig.  ■i.—Dermacentor  variabilis,  capi- 
tulum of  male.  Fig.  b.—Dermaccntor  albipictus,  shield  of  female.  Fig.  ti.—lknnacentor 
variabilis,  leg  I  of  larva.  Fig.  1  .  —  Dcrmacrntornitens,  coxa  I.  leg  IV  of  male,  and  shield  and 
capitulum  of  nymph.  Fig.  H.—Dermacodor  variabilis,  tarsus  I.  Fig.  9.—Dcrmacenfor  albipictus, 
stigmal  plate  of  female  and  capitulum  of  female  and  of  male.  Fig.  10.— Dcrviacentor  nitens, 
•stigmal  plates  of  male  and  female,  capitulum  and  shield  of  female.  Fig.  11. — JJermacentor 
albipictus,  coxa  IV  and  stigmal  plate  of  male.     (Original.) 


GENUS    DERMACENTOK   KOCH.  43 

3.  Stigmal  plate  about  as  broad  as  long,  with  short  and  broad  dorsal  pro- 

longation, and  covered  with  many  very  minute  granules,  scarcely  visi- 
ble as  such;  shield  plainly  longer  than  broad,  and  much  streaked  with 

white variahilis. 

Stigmal  plate  with  much  larger  granules,  at  least  near  the  peritreme 4 

4.  Stigmal    plate    without    distinct    dorsal    prolongation ;  shield    plainly 

longer  than  broad 5 

Stigmal  plate  with  a  more  or  less  distinct  dorsal  prolongation 6 

5.  Shield  mostly  white,  with  brown  streaks  and  spots;  porose  areas  close 

together alMpictus. 

Shield  dark  red-brown,  with  very  little  white;  porose  areas  rather 
widely  separate nigrolineatus. 

6.  Shield  mostly  white,  about  as  broad  as  long 7 

Shield  without  white,  or  but  little,  plainly  a  little  longer  than  broad; 

porose  areas  but  little  longer  than  broad,  and  well  separated. 

panimapertus. 

7.  Porose  areas  very  small ;  stigmal  plate  with  rather  wide  dorsal  prolon- 

gation     occidentalis. 

Porose  areas  larger;  stigmal  plate  with  a  more  narrow  dorsal  prolon- 
gation  venustus. 

8.  Stigmal   plate  with   from    four   to   ten   very   large   isolated   granules; 

dorsum  without  white "toarks;  only  eight  impressed  lines  behind--  nitens. 
Stigmal  i)late  with  many  smaller,  more  crowded  granules;  twelve  im- 
pressed lines  behind 9 

9.  Stigmal  plate  about  as  broad  behind  as  long,  with  dorsal  prolongation, 

the    granulations    extremely    minute;  dorsum    marked    with    white 

streaks  and  spots rariaMlis. 

Stigmal  plate  usually  plainly  longer  than  broad ;  the  granulations 
much  larger 10 

10.  Stigmal  plate  without  distinct  apical  prolongation ;  the  sides  of  body 

more  nearly  parallel 11 

Stigmal  plate  with  distinct  apical  prolongation ;  sides  of  body  more 
divergent 12 

11.  Dorsum  mostly  white,  with  brown  streaks  and  spots  in  a  pattern ;  hind 

angles  of  the  capitulum  but  little  produced;  coxa  lY  about  one-half 

as  long  as  broad  on  base;  large  species alhipictufi. 

Dorsum  red-brown,  with  black  lines,  no  white;  hind  angles  of  capitulum 
much  prolonged ;  coxa  IV  not  twice  as  broad  on  base  as  long ;  species 
of  moderate  size nigrolineatus. 

12.  Dorsum  with  few,  if  any,  white  spots ;  coxa  IV  about  as  long  as  broad 

at  base;  hind  angles  of  capitulum  moderately  produced pannnapertu.s. 

Dorsum  largely  white,  or  much  spotted  with  white l.S 

13.  Stigmal  plate  more  attenuate  behind;  coxa  IV  about  one-half  as  long 

as  broad  at  base ;  hind  angles  of  capitulum  moderately  produced-  venustus. 
Stigmal  plate  less  attenuate  behind;  coxa  IV  not  twice  as  broad  on  base 
as  long;  hind  angles  of  capitulum  much  produced occidentalis. 

Dermacentor  bifurcatus  Xeumann. 

This  species  was  described  as  an  Ixodes,  and  based  on  a  young 
female  from  a  wild  cat,  from  Texas.  Later  Xeumann  placed  it  as 
a  synonym  of  Ixodes  hrunnens  Koch,  then  still  later  stated  that  it 
was  a  Dermacentor.     It  is,  therefore,  evidently  a  nymph  of  some 


44  IXODOTDEA,  OR    TICKS,  OF    THE    UNITED    STATES.  ^^ 

of  the  previously  described  Dermacentors ;  the  shape  of  the  stigmal 
plate  would. indicate  D.  variabilis^  but  the  lack  of  markings  would 
indicate  D.  parumapertus.  Among  Doctor  Marx's  drawings  are 
several  figures  of  this  specimen,  and  the}^  are  presented  on  the  plates 
(See  PI.  X,  fig.  1)  so  that  when  the  life  histories  of  all  of  our 
Dermacentors  are  known  it  will  be  possible  to  place  this  name  under 
the  species  to  which  it  belongs. 

I  have  not  been  able  to  locate  the  specimen  which,  according  to 
Doctor  Neumann  (i??.  litt.),  should  be  in  the  National  Museum  collec- 
tion, but  it  was  not  in  the  material  returned,  nor  indicated  on  the 
list  of  material  returned  to  the  Museum. 

Dermacentor  albipictus  Packard.     (PI.  X,  fig.  11.) 

Male. — AVhite  above,  with  brown  spots  and  streaks  in  a  definite 
pattern ;  capitulum,  palpi,  and  legs  white  above,  rest  reddish  brown. 
Capitulum  (PI.  VII,  fig.  9)  quite  broad,  hind  angles  produced,  but 
not  as  long  as  in  D.  occidentalis;  palpi  short,  not  nearly  as  long  as 
width  of  capitulum.  Dorsum  more  slender  than  in  most  species, 
fully  one  and  three- fourths  times  as  long  as  broad,  with  a  great 
many  rather  small  punctures,  lateral  grooves  not  very  distinct,  pos- 
terior margin  with  twelve  impressed  lines.  Legs  rather  large  and 
long,  fourth  pair  much  larger  than  others,  teeth  below  large  and 
distinct.  Coxie  armed  as  usual;  coxa?  IV  (PI.  VII,  fig.  11)  plainly 
wider  on  base  than  long.  Stigmal  plate  (PI.  VII,  fig.  11)  elliptical, 
without  distinct  dorsal  prolongation,  its  surface  provided  with  many 
large  granules. 

Length  of  male,  4  mm. 

Femali'. — Capitulum,  palpi,  and  legs  white  above,  reddish  or  yel- 
lowish brown  beneath;  shield  mostly  white,  a  long  median  streak, 
not  reaching  apex,  a  narrower  strijDe  each  side,  and  some  spots  near 
eyes,  red-brown ;  elsewhere  the  white  is  rarely  broken  by  small  brown 
spots;  abdomen  dark  red-brown.  Capitulum  (PI.  VII,  fig.  9)  quite 
broad,,  its  hind  angles  only  slightl}^  produced,  the  porose  areas  very 
large,  and  not  far  apart,  the  palpi  very  short  and  broad,  the  shield 
(PI.  VII,  fig.  5)  plainly  longer  than  broad,  usually  much  longer,  and 
broadest  much  before  the  middle,  the  punctures  few  and  not  promi- 
nent. Abdomen  rather  more  elongate,  the  sides  more  nearly  parallel 
than  in  allied  forms.  Legs  long,  the  coxae  armed  as  usual;  stigmal 
plate  (PI.  VII,  fig.  9)  large,  semielliptical,  without  distinct  dorsal 
prolongation,  and  covered  with  many  large  granules. 

Length  of  female  shield,  2-2.2  mm. 

This  tick  occurs  throughout  the  northern  parts  of  the  United 
States  and  in  Canada.  I  have  seen  specimens  from  Adirondack 
Mountains,  New  York ;  Michigan ;  Nebraska ;  Montana ;  Bear,  Idaho ; 
Nevada,  and  Pullman,  Wash.     It  has  usually  been  taken  from  moose 


,  DERMACEXTOR    ALBIPICTUS    PACKARD.  45 

and  wapiti,  but  also  recorded  from  the  beaver.  Packard  first  used 
the  name  alhipictus  for  this  moose  tick,  as  shown  in  the  appended 
catalogue,  but  later  placed  under  this  name  a  specimen  of  D.  varia- 
hilis.  The  types  from  the  moose  are  still  in  the  Museum  of  Com- 
parative Zoolog}^,  where  I  have  examined  them.  Neumann,  using 
Marx's  manuscript  name,  described  it  as  D.  variegatus. 

The  sjoecies  is  distinguished  b}^  its  elongate  form,  especially  the 
long  shield,  the  shape  and  sculpture  of  the  stigmal  plate,  and  by  its 
large  size.  This  latter  character,  however,  is  variable,  and  specimens 
are  found  that  are  not  much  larger  than  the  ordinary  D.  variabiUs. 

Dermacentor  parumapertus  Xeumann. 

J/ale. — Dark  red-brown,  legs  a  trifle  paler,  no  white  markings, 
except  sometimes  a  few  small  spots,  and  a  minute  white  spot  at  tips  of 
some  joints  of  the  legs.  Capitulum  (PI.  YIIL  fig.  10)  moderateh 
broad,  hind  angles  only  very  slightly  produced ;  palpi  very  short,  not 
as  long  as  width  of  capitulum;  dorsum  one  and  two-thirds  times  as 
long  as  broad,  with  many  scattered,  deep,  but  not  very  large 
punctures,  submarginal  furrow  very  distinct  on  the  sides,  less  so 
behind;  twelve  impressed  lines  near  posterior  margin.  Coxae  spined 
as  usual,  hind  coxae  barely  wider  on  base  than  long,  legs  rather  short, 
hind  pair  not  so  much  larger  than  the  others,  and  the  teeth  below 
small  and  indistinct.  Stigmal  plate  (PL  YIII,  fig.  10)  elongate, 
attenuate  behind,  the  fore  part  around  peritreme  with  large  granules, 
a  few  down  on  the  narrow  portion,  which  is  covered  with  smaller 
granules. 

Length  of  male,  2.8  mm. 

Female. — Shield  and  capitulum  dark  red-brown  or  almost  black, 
without  marks;  abdomen  blackish;  legs  red-brown,  a  faint  white 
mark  at  tips  of  some  of  the  joints.  Capitulum  (PI.  YIII,  fig.  10) 
moderately  broad,  hind  angles  distinctly  prolonged  behind,  porose 
areas  rather  small,  nearly  circular,  and  well  separated ;  palpi  as  long 
as  width  of  capitulum.  Shield  (PL  YIII,  fig.  10)  plainly  a  little 
longer  than  broad,  with  many  deep  punctures,  those  in  the  depressed 
area  each  side  especially  large  and  numerous,  almost  confluent.  Legs 
rather  small  and  short;  coxae  armed  as  usual.  Stigmal  plate  (PL 
YIII,  fig.  8)  small,  with  a  distinct,  although  short  and  broad,  dorsal 
prolongation,  most  of  the  surface  with  rather  large  granules,  but 
those  on  the  prolongation  very  small. 

Length  of  female  shield,  1.1  mm. 

Specimens  are  from  Lakeside,  Cal.  (also  Neumann's  type  in  the 
Marx  Coll.),  taken  on  man,  and  in  a  chicken  house. 

Distinguished  from  other  forms  most  readily  by  lack  of  white  on 
shield,  by  porose  areas,  and  stigmal  plate.     After  describing  this 


46  IXODOIDEA,  OR    TICKS,  OF   THE    UNITED    STATES. 

species,  Xeuniann  later  made  it  a  variety  of  D.  electus  (variabilis), 
but  it  differs, in  many  important  characters  from  that  species,  and  the 
granulations  of  the  stigmal  plate  are  much  larger. 

Dermacentor  parumapertus  var.  marginatus  n.  var. 

This  form  agrees  in  general  with  the  true  D.  pajnimapertus,  but 
differs  in  several  minor  points.  The  posterior  border  of  the  female 
shield  (PL  VIII,  fig.  6)  is  margined  with  white;  the  porose  areas 
are  larger  and  ratlier  closer  together;  the  lateral  lobes  of  the  shield 
have  fewer  punctures,  and  the  shield  is  more  contracted  behind  the 
eyes;  the  stigmal  phite  of  the  female  (PL  YIII,  fig.  G)  has  a  narrower 
dorsal  prolongation,  and  the  inner  margin  is  more  convex;  the 
posterior  angles  of  the  capitulum  (PL  VIII,  fig.  G)  are  less  promi- 
nent.   Otherwise  it  is  very  similar  to  the  type. 

Several  specimens  from  Mesa  City,  Ariz.,  from  a  jack  rabbit 
(Cordley). 

Dermacentor  venustus  n.  sp. 

Male. — Red-brown,  marked  with  white,  but  not  so  extensively  as 
in  ZJ.  occidental  is,  usually  but  little  white  on  the  middle  posterior 
region;  legs  paler  red-brown,  tips  of  joints  whitish.  Capitulum 
(PL  VIII,  fig.  5)  quite  broad,  its  posterior  angles  only  slightly  pro- 
duced ;  palpi  very  short  and  broad,  not  as  long  as  width  of  capitulum. 
Dorsum  about  one  and  two-thirds  or  one  and  three-fourths  times  as 
long  as  broad,  with  many,  not  very  large,  punctures;  lateral  furrows 
distinct.  Legs  of  moderate  size,  hind  pair  jilainly  larger  and  heavier, 
and  with  the  teeth  below  distinct.  Coxim  armed  as  usual,  the  coxa 
IV  (PL  VIII,  fig.  4)  nearly  twice  as  wide  at  base  as  long.  Stigmal 
plate  (PL  VIII,  fig.  5)  with  a  rather  narrow  dorsal  ^prolongation, 
with  large  granules  on  the  main  part  and  minute  ones  on  the  pro- 
longation. 

Length  of  male,  3.5  to  5  nun. 

Female. — Capitulum  and  legs  reddish  brown,  the  latter  with  tips 
of  joints  whitish;  shield  mostly  covered  with  white — this  white  not 
so  much  broken  up  bv  the  broAvn  dots  as  in  D.  o ccid entail s ;  abdomen 
red-brown.  Capitulum  (PL  VIII,  fig.  5)  rather  broad,  posterior 
angles  but  little  produced,  the  porose  areas  rather  large,  egg-shaped, 
and  quite  close  together;  palpi  shorter  than  width  of  capitulum. 
Shield  (PL  VIII,  fig.  7)  as  broad  as  long,  broadest  slightly  before 
the  middle,  and  rather  pointed  behind,  with  numerous,  not  very  large 
punctures.  Legs  of  moderate  size,  the  coxae  armed  as  usual.  The 
stigmal  plate  (PL  VIII,  fig.  5)  has  a  rather  narrow  dorsal  prolonga- 
tion, with  large  granules  on  the  main  part,  and  small  ones  on  the 
prolongation. 

Length  of  female  shield,  2  mm. 


Tech.  Series  15,  Bureau  of  Entomology,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  VIII. 


IXODOIDEA,  OR  TiCKS,   OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 

Fig.  1. — Dermacentor  occidentalis,  capitulum  of  male  and  female,  shield  of  female,  and  tarsus  IV 
of  male.  Fig.  2, — Dermacentor  occidentalis,  coxte  I  and  IV  of  male,  stigmal  plates  of  male  and 
female.  Fig.  3. —Dermacentor  nigrolinmtus,  stigmal  plate  of  female.  Fig.  4.— Dermacentor 
venustus,  coxa  IV  of  male.  Fig.  5. — Dermacentor  renuxtus,  capitulum  and  stigmal  plates  of 
male  and  female.  Fig.  6.— Dermacentor  parumapertus  var.  marginatus.  stigmal  plate,  capitu- 
lum, and  shield  of  female.  Fig.  7.— Dermacentor  venustus.  shield  of  female.  Fig.  ><.— Derma- 
centor parumapertus,  stigmal  plate  of  female.  Fig.  9. — Dermacentor  nigrolineatus,  capitulum  of 
female.  Fig.  10.— Dermacentor  parumapertus.  shield  and  capitulum  of  female,  stigmal  plate 
and  capitulum  of  male.  Fig.  11.— Dermacentor  nigrolineatus,  stigmal  plate  and  capitulum  of 
male.    (Original.) 


DERMACENTOR  VENUSTUS    N.   SP/  47 

Specimens  come  from  various  places  in  the  West;  Olympia,  Ya- 
kima, Klikitat  Valley,  and  Grand  Coulee,  Wash.;  Fort  Collins  and 
Boulder,  Colo.;  Pecos  and  Las  Cruces,  N.  Mex. ;  Bozeman,  Mont.; 
Bridger  Basin,  Utah;  Soldier,  Idaho,  and  Texas  (on  sheep). 

This  species  is  quite  common  in  the  Northwest.  It  has  been  in- 
cluded in  D.  oceidentalis  by  Neumann,  but  was  separated  out  by 
Doctor  Marx  in  manuscript  under  the  name  I  have  adopted.  It  is 
larger  than  B.  occidentalism  with  more  red  and  less  white  in  the  color- 
ing, and  differs  in  many  minor  points  of  structure,  as  size  of  porose 
areas,  size  of  hind  coxae  in  male,  etc.  This  is  the  species  supposed 
to  be  concerned  in  the  transmission  of  spotted  fever  in  Montana. 

Dermacentor  oceidentalis  Neumann.     (PI.  X,  fig.  9.) 

Male. — Red-brown,  with  many  waxy-white  markings,  often  Avith  a 
waxy  bloom,  sometimes  almost  wholly  white,  but  there  is  red -brown 
near  the  eyes,  on  the  festoons,  and  several  submedian  spots ;  moreover, 
the  white  is  broken  by  the  many  red-brown  punctures ;  legs  pale  red- 
dish broAvn,  marked  with  white  above.  Capitulum  (PL  VIII,  fig.  1) 
rather  narrow,  and  the  hind  angles  prolonged  into  very  prominent 
spines;  palpi  ver}^  short,  not  as  long  as  the  width  of  the  capitulum; 
dorsum  not  much  more  than  one  and  one-half  times  as  long  as  broad, 
with  many  punctures,  but  mostly  small;  lateral  furrows  distinct  and 
long,  twelve  indented  lines  behind.  Legs  of  moderate  size,  tarsus  IV 
(PI.  VIII,  fig.  1)  with  two  very  distinct  teeth  below  and  oi;e  less 
prominent,  teeth  on  other  joints  distinct;  coxa3  (PI.  VIII,  fig.  2) 
armed  as  usual ;  coxae  IV  about  one  and  one-half  times  as  wide  at  base 
as  long.  Stigmal  plate  (PI.  VIII,  fig.  2)  elongate,  with  a  broad 
turned-up  tip,  almost  truncate ;  large  granulations  on  the  main  part, 
small  ones  on  the  tip. 

Length  of  male,  8  to  o.5  mm. 

Female. — Shield  red-brown,  mostly  covered  with  white,  red-brown 
near  eyes  and  in  the  middle  region,  and  the  Avhite  broken  up  by  the 
many  brow^n  dots  at  punctures ;  capitulum  and  legs  red-brown,  latter 
Avhite  at  tips  of  joints,  and  generally  paler  above  than  below;  abdo- 
men dark  red-brown.  Capitulum  (PL  VIII,  fig.  1)  rather  small, 
the  hind  angles  prominent,  and  the  poros3  areas  very  small  and  rather 
close  together.  Shield  (PL  VIII,  fig.  1)  about  as  broad  as  long, 
broadest  before  middle,  and  rather  pointed  behind,  with  many  small 
punctures  and  some  larger,  but  not  nearly  as  many  large  ones  as  in  D. 
parumapertus.  Legs  rather  small,  coxse  armed  as  usual.  Stigmal 
plate  (PL  VIII,  fig.  2)  with  a  broad  dorsal  prolongation,  Avith  large 
granulations  in  the  main  part,  and  minute  ones  on  the  prolongation. 

Length  of  female  shield,  1.5  mm. 


48  IXODOIDEA,  OR   TICKS,  OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

Nearly  all  specimens  come  from  California— Occidental,  San 
Diego,  Goose  Lake,  Siskiyou  County,  Santa  Clara  County,  Humboldt 
County ;  some  taken  from  deer. 

Closely  related  to  D.  venustus^  but  with  a  more  narrow  capitulum, 
and  with  a  broader  prolongation  to  stigmal  plate,  in  the  male  by 
shorter  hind  coxae,  and  in  the  female  by  smaller  porose  areas.  Taken 
together,  I  think  these  characters  indicate  its  distinctness  from  D. 
venustiis. 

Xeumann  first  considered  D.  occidentaUs  and  D.  venustiis  of  Marx 
as  identical  with  the  European  D.  retlculatus.  There  are,  how- 
ever, many  differences,  as  he  later  recognized,  and  D.  reticulatus 
(PI.  X,  fig.  10)  does  not,  as  far  as  now  known,  occur  in  our  country. 
When  he  described  D.  occidentalism  Neumann  included  with  it  D. 
venitstus  of  Marx  manuscript.  However,  I  have  restricted  the  name  to 
the  form  to  which  Marx  applied  it.  D.  occidentaJis  may  perhaps  be 
credited  to  Curtice,  for  in  a  paper "  on  ticks  in  general  he  refers  to 
this  species  under  this  name  and  with  a  few  words  of  description; 
hardly,  however,  sufficient  to  identify  it,  and  evidently  not  intended 
to  be  a  description  of  a  new  species. 

Dermacentor  nigrolineatus  Packard. 

M(dc. — Rather  pale  red-brown,  no  white  markings,  but  the  black 
caeca  1  marks  show  through  in  most  specimens  as  several  irregular 
lines  behind;  legs  more  yellow-brown.  Capitulum  (PI.  VIII,  fig. 
11)  small  and  narrow,  its  posterior  angles  produced  into  long  spines; 
palpi  very  small  and  stout.  Dorsum  slender,  about  one  and  two-thirds 
times  as  long  as  broad ;  middle  anterior  region  smooth  and  shining, 
sides  and  behind  densely  punctured,  and  with  many  short  hairs; 
lateral  furrows  not  very  distinct,  twelve  impressed  lines  behind,  but 
the  festoons  are  not  as  obvious  as  usual.  Legs  rather  short,  coxae 
with  usual  spines,  coxa  IV  but  little  wider  at  base  than  long;  stigmal 
plate  (PL  VIII,  fig.  11)  large,  elliptical,  without  dorsal  prolongation, 
and  covered  with  many  large  granules. 

Length  of  male.  3.5  mm. 

Female. — Shield  red-brown,  without  marks ;  legs  similar ;  abdomen 
dark  red-brown.  Capitulum  (PI.  VIII,  fig.  9)  scarcely  twice  as  broad 
as  long ;  hind  angles  distincth^  prolonged  behind ;  porose  areas  large, 
oval,  and  distinctly  separated;  palpi  small  and  short,  not  as  long  as 
width  of  capitulum.  Shield  plainly  longer  than  broad,  broadest 
much  before  the  middle,  tapering  and  almost  pointed  behind,  with 
very  few  punctures.  Legs  small  and  short,  the  tarsi  very  short; 
coxae  with  the  usual  spines,  that  on  IV  no  longer  than  on  III.     Stig- 

«  About  cattle  ticks.     Jouru.  Comp.  Med.  Vet.  Archives,  January,  1892. 


Tech.  Series  15,  Bureau  of  Entomology,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  IX. 


IXODOIDEA,  OR  TICKS,  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 

Fig.  1.— Ixodes  scapularis,  fresh  female,  and  male  attached  to  female.  Fig.  2.— Ixodes  scapularis, 
female,  coxa  I.  male,  female  stigmal  plate,  venter  of  female,  and  rostrum  from  beneatii. 
Fig.  S.— Ixodes  dentatns,  engorged  female,  shield,  and  capitulnm.  Fig.  i.—Irodex  cookei,  male 
and  female  above  and  below,  stigmal  plate,  and  rostrum  from  beneath.  Fig.  b.— Ixodes  ricinus, 
engorged  female,  above  and  below.  Fig.  6. — Veratixodes  putus,  stigmal  plate  and  capitulum. 
Fig.  7. — Ixodes  dentatus,  rostrum,  from  below.  Fig.  8. — Ixodes  marzi,  engorged  female.  (Draw- 
ings by  the  late  Dr.  George  Marx.)     (Original.) 

36657— No.  15—08 5 


Tech.  Series  15,  Bureau  of  Entomology,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agncultur 


Plate  X. 


IXODOIDEA,  OR  TiCKS,  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 

Fig.  l.—Dermacentor  bifurcatus,  nymph,  coxse,  shield,  venter,  palpus,  stigmal  plate,  and  eapitulum. 
Fig  2.—Hiemaphysalis  leporis-palustris,  male,  and  rostrum  of  female  beneath.  Fig.  'S.—Derma- 
centor  variabilis,  engorged  female,  above  and  below.  Fig.  4. — Dennaccntor  raridhilis,  male, 
above  and  beneath,  and  stigmal  plate  of  female.  Fig.  b.—Amblyomma  anu  rii'mnuii.  nymph, 
above  and  below.  Fig.  6.—Hceinaphymlis  Icpons-palustris,  fresh  and  tiiKorgud  females. 
Fig.  1  .—Margaropiis  annulatus,  eapitulum  of  female,  above  and  beneath.  Fig.  !S. — Margaropus 
annulatus,  eapitulum  of  male,  above  and  beneath.  Fig.  9. — Dermacentor  occidentalis,  male. 
Fig.  10. — Dermacentor  reticulatus,  male.  Fig.  11.— Dermacentor  albipictus,  male.  (Drawings  by 
the  late  Dr.  George  Marx.j     (Original.) 


DEEMACENTOR    NIGROLINEATUS    PACKARD.  49 

mal  plate  (PL  VIII,  fig.  3)  elliptical,  of  same  shape  as  in  male,  no 
dorsal  prolongation,  and  covered  Avith  many  large  granules. 

Length  of  female  shield,  1.2  mm. 

Specimens  in  the  XeAV  York  State  collection  at  Albany,  probably 
from  Adirondack  Mountains;  Packard's  type,  which  I  have  seen, 
was  from  deer  from  this  region;  I  have  some  from  Catskill  Moun- 
tains, Xew  York,  in  June.  Eecentl}^  Mr.  W.  D.  Hunter  has  received 
several  specimens  taken  b}^  Mr.  Rumsey  from  deer  at  Laredo,  Tex., 
and  Mr.  H.  S.  Barber  took  one  from  deer  at  Crab  Lake,  Yilas  County, 
Wis.  Xeumann  placed  this  species  in  Hasina physalis  as  a  synonym  of 
the  European  H.  concinna,  a  species  which  now  seems  not  to  occur  in 
our  country.  It  is  allied  to  D.  alhipictiis.  but  differs  in  shape  of 
stigmal  plate,  more  distinctly  separated  porose  areas,  sharper  hind 
angles  to  the  capitulum,  shield  more  pointed  behind,  and  in  shorter 
tarsi.    Quite  possibly  it  is  the  Ixodes  erraticus  of  Say. 

Dermacentor  variabilis  Sa3\     (PI.  X,  figs.  3,  4.) 

Male. — Red-brown,  dorsum  witli  irregular  white  marks,  the  usual 
pattern  being  a  submarginal  stripe  each  side,  starting  from  the  an- 
terior angles  and  reaching  straight  back  to  beyond  the  middle,  where 
they  unite,  or  nearly  so,  and  thence  giving  off  branches  straight  back- 
ward and  obliquely  outward  to  the  side  margin;  along  the  sides  and 
on  the  festoons  are  scattered  white  spots.  Specimens  from  Texas 
and  Florida  often  have  these  markings  more  extensive  and  more  con- 
nected together,  and  some  white  on  the  median  anterior  part  of  dor- 
sum. Legs  red-brown,  the  tips  of  the  joints  white.  Capitulum  (PL 
VII,  fig.  4)  about  twice  as  broad  as  long,  its  posterior  angles  slightly 
produced ;  palpi  nearly  as  long  as  width  of  the  capitulum.  Dorsum 
fully  one  and  one-half  times  as  long  as  broad,  with  many  deep  and 
prominent  punctures,  but  the  anterior  median  region  nearly  free  of 
them;  lateral  grooves  distinct;  tw^elve  impressed  lines  behind;  legs 
rather  long  and  stout,  hind  pair  much  heavier  than  the  others,  and 
the  teeth  below  distinct.  Coxae  armed  as  usual  for  the  genus,  the 
hind  coxse  but  little  broader  than  long.  Stigmal  plate  large  and 
broad,  with  a  short  dorsal  prolongation,  surface  densely  covered  with 
minute  granules. 

Length  of  male,  4  mm. 

Female. — Red-brown,  shield  with  white  on  the  sides,  and  broadly 
around  the  tip:  a  brown  marginal  stripe  near  eye,  and  sometimes 
two  white  streaks  in  the  middle  area.  Legs  red-brown,  tips  of  the 
joints  white.  Capitulum  (PL  VII,  fig.  3)  fully  tAvice  as  broad  as 
long,  its  posterior  angles  only  slightly  produced,  the  porose  areas  oval, 
of  moderate  size,  and  well  separated;  palpi  short  and  very  broad. 
Shield  plainly  a  little  longer  than  broad,  broadest  at  middle,  and 


50  IXODOTDEA^  OR    TICKS,  OF   THE    UNITED    STATES. 

posteriorly  almost  angulate :  punctures  large,  but  not  very  numerous, 
and  few  in  middle  area,  usually  four  forming  a  trapezium  behind  the 
middle.  Legs  (PL  VII,  fig.  8)  rather  large  and  long,  the  hind  pairs 
with  distinct  teeth  beneath;  coxae  armed  as  usual.  Stigmal  plate  (PL 
VII,  fig.  3;  PL  X,  fig.  -i)  large  and  very  broad,  in  fact  as  broad 
behind  as  long,  and  covered  with  many  minute  granules. 

Length  of  female  shield,  2  mm. 

Specimens  come  from  many  places  in  the  eastern  L^nited  States, 
from  Labrador  to  Florida  and  Texas.  West  of  the  Mississippi  it 
is  not  common,  and  perhaps  only  introduced  with  stock. 

This  species,  described  by  Say,  is  probably  identical  with  the  Ixodes 
cinctus  of  Fabricius  from  North  America.  Koch's  D.  electus  is  the 
same  species.  It  was  considered  by  Neumann  at  first  to  be  the  Ixodes 
americanus  of  LinutTus,  but  later  he  accepted  Koch's  identification  of 
/.  ainericaniis  as  an  Amhlyommn^  and  used  D.  electus  for  this  Derma- 
eentor.  Fitch's  descriptions  of  /.  rohert.soni  and  /.  'j-sfriatus  offer 
nothing  contrary  to  this  form.  Although  the  western  specimens 
might  have  been  another  species,  the  specimens  from  Virginia  must 
have  been  I).  rdridhU'/s. 

The  pattern  of  the  white  markings  is  practically  constant,  but  the 
amount  of  white  present  is  variable.  The  species  is  readily  known 
])y  the  broad  stigmal  i)hite  and  the  uiinute  granulation  thereon.  It 
has  been  taken  from  a  great  variety  of  animals,  including  man,  but 
seems  to  prefer  dogs  and  cattle  to  smaller  animals,  doubtless  due  to 
the  fact  that  the  freshly  moulted  individuals  climb  up  several  feet 
from  the  ground  in  wait  for  a  host.  In  the  larva  tarsus  I  is  much 
enlarged. 

Dermacentor  nitens  Neumann. 

M(dc. — Ketl-brown.  without  markings;  legs  rather  yellowish  brown. 
Capitulum  rather  narrow,  hind  angles  acute,  but  scarcely  prolonged ; 
palpi  very  short  and  small,  shorter  than  the  hypostome  and  no  longer 
than  the  length  of  the  capitulum.  Dorsum  one  and  two-thirds  as 
long  as  broad,  broadest  slightly  behind  the  middle,  shiny,  with  some 
punctures  in  front  and  on  the  sides,  and  behind  are  seven  or  eight 
impressed  lines:  the  lateral  furrows  are  not  very  distinct,  usually 
three  impressed  grooves  or  furrows  on  the  posterior  half  of  dorsum ; 
some  scattered  hairs,  mostly  on  the  sides  behind.  Legs  rather  long, 
fourth  pair  (PL  VII,  fig.  T)  i:)lainly  larger  than  others,  and  the 
teeth  beloAv  very  evident;  coxa  I  (PL  VII,  fig.  T)  w4th  the  usual  two 
teeth,  neither  very  long;  coxa  II  with  two  equal  projections;  coxa 
III  with  two  tubercles,  and  coxa  IV,  which  is  no  broader  than  long, 
with  the  usual  tooth.  Stigmal  plate  (PL  VII,  fig.  10)  but  little 
longer  than  broad,  w^itli  from  four  to  ten  large,  isolated  granules. 

Length  of  male,  2.5  to  2.7  mm. 


DEEMACENTOR    NITEXS    XEUMAXX.  '  51 

Female. — Wholh'  red-brown,  legs  paler,  and  abdomen  darker,  no 
white  markings.  Capitulmn  (PI.  VII,  fig.  10)  of  moderate  width, 
with  the  hind  angles  only  slightly  prolonged;  porose  areas  rather 
large,  well  separated,  and  directed  more  forward  than  in  other 
species;  paljoi  very  short,  not  reaching  to  tip  of  hypostome.  Shield 
(PI.  VII,  fig.  10)  a  trifle  longer  than  broad,  broadest  in  front  of 
middle,  very  finely  punctured ;  in  middle  region  in  front,  and  on  the 
sides,  are  irregular  wrinkles.  Legs  rather  long,  teeth  on  coxae  shorter 
than  usual:  stigmal  plate  (PI.  VII,  fig.  10)  nearly  circular,  provided 
with  ten  to  twenty  more  or  less  isolated  granules,  all  of  large  size. 

Length  of  female  shield,  \A  mm. 

This  species  was  described  from  Jamaica  and  Santo  Domingo. 
Recently  it  has  been  taken  at  Brownsville  and  Harlingen,  Tex.,  and 
I  have  some  from  Fort  Bowie,  Ariz.  In  the  Museum  of  Compara- 
tive Zoology  there  are  specimens  from  Grand  Anse,  Hayti,  taken 
about  forty  years  ago.  It  appears  to  prefer  horses,  and  usually  oc- 
curs in  the  ears. 

D.  nitens  is  strongly  separated  from  all  our  other  species  of  the 
genus.  Especially  noticeable  is  the  sculpture  of  the  stigmal  plate; 
the  few  impressed  lines  behind  with  the  male  are  also  peculiar.  Like- 
wise the  very  short  palpi,  shorter  than  the  hypostome,  constitute  a 
peculiar  character  again  seen  in  the  cattle  tick,  and,  as  in  that  species, 
may  indicate  some  habit  connected  with  the  dissemination  of  dis- 
ease. 

UNPLACED  SPECIES. 
Ixodes  erraticus  Say. 

"  Body  oblong-ovate,  gradually  narrowed  before,  sid^s  hardly  ar- 
quated,  with  distant  punctures,  those  behind  more  deeply  impressed, 
posterior  margin  with  ten  or  twelve  impressed  lines  which  are  ab- 
breviated by  a  submarginal  impressed  line,  two  abbreviated  lines  be- 
fore; head,  posterior  edge  transversely  rectilinear,  angles  extended 
backward  abruptly,  and  subacute :  rostrum  rather  short :  palpi  oval- 
orbicular.  Found  in  the  Southern  States;  the  color  is  reddish  or 
ferruginous,  with  acute  black  lines.''  [It  may  be  Dermacentor  ni- 
grolineatus  Pack.] 

Ixodes  fuscus  Say. 

'•  Body  fuscous,  ovate,  punctured ;  tergum  with  a  few  black,  obso- 
lete lines,  and  a  profoundly  indented  submarginal  line,  posterior 
marginal  impressed  line  none:  no  distinct  thorax;  edge  rounded; 
head,  posterior  edge  rectilinear,  angles  not  prominent  beyond  the 
rectilinear  edge;  eyes  not  visible;  palpi  suboval,  terminal  joint  rather 
longer  than  the  preceding  one.  A  common  species."  [A  true  Ixodes^ 
and  probably  the  male  of  /.  scajndaris  Say.] 


52  *  IXODOIDEA^  OR    TICKS,  OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

Ixodes  cinctus  Fabricius. 

"  Reliqiiis-  magis  oblongiis.  Caput  fernigineum.  Sciitelhim  tri- 
angulum,  fernigineum,  margine  albo.  Thorax  et  abdomen  ferruginea, 
antice  cerea,  scutellum  late  alba.  Pedes  ferruginei.  Habitat  in 
America  boreali  Doni.  v.  Rohr.  Mus.  Dom.  de  Schestedt.*'  [Either 
Dermacentor  rariahiUs  Say  or  AmhJyomma  maculatuin  Koch,  and 
j^robably  the  former.] 

SPECIES  ERRONEOUSLY  ACCREDITED   TO   THE  UNITED   STATES. 

Dermacentor  reticulatus  Fabricius.     (PI.  X,  fig.  10.) 

Xeumann  at  first  identified  the  forms  now  called  D.  occidentalis 
and  D.  rennstus  as  this  European  species.  As  shown  above,  these 
species  are  quite  distinct,  and  there  is  no  evidence  that  the  true  D, 
reticulatifs  occurs  in  this  country. 

Ixodes  frontalis  Ionizer. 

As  I  have  stated  imder  Ixodes  hninneiis^  Neumann's  identification 
of  /.  frontalis  was  based  on  specimens  of  /.  hrunneus. 

Ixodes  inchoatus  Xeumann. 

Xeumann  questionably  recorded  this  from  the  United  States,  but 
the  specimens,  as  I  have  stated  under  /.  mar.ri,  differ  greatly  from  the 
European  /.  incJiodtus,  and  with  more  material  I  have  described 
them  as  a  new  species — /.  niarxi 

Haemaphysalis  concinna  Koch. 

As  explained  under  Dermacentor  nIr/roJineatas,  the  record  of  H. 
concinna  is  based  on  a  misidentification  of  Packard's  species. 

CATALOGUE. 

IXODOIDEA. 

ARGASID^. 

AR(;AS. 

Latreille,  I'rOcis  Carnot.  Ins.,  p.  ITS,  170G. 

MiNiATUS  Koch,  Arch.  f.  Xaturg.,  X,  p.  210,  1S44 ;  Sahiion  and  Stiles,  17th  Ann. 
Kept.  Bur.  Anim.  Ind.,  V.  S.  Dept.  Agric,  p.  402,  1902. 
amcricana   Packard,  Kept.  V.  S.  Geo!.  Surv.  Mont.,  Idaho,  AVyom.,  Utah, 

p.  740,  1872 ;  Neumann,  Mem.  Soc.  Zool.  France,  1896,  p.  9. 
radiatus  Railliet,  Traite  Zool.  Med.,  p.  718,  1803. 

pcrsicus  Neumann,  Arch.  Parasitol.,  IX,  p.  240,  1905   (not  of  Fischer). 
sanchczi  Duges,  La  Naturaleza    (2),  I,  p.  20,  1891:  Neumann,  Mem.  Soc. 
Zool.  France,  1896,  p.  16;  ibid.,  1901,  p.  255. 
BREViPES  Banks,  supra,  [).  15,  1908. 

EEFLEXus  Fabricius,  Entom.  Syst.,  IV,  p.  426,  1794 ;  Neumann,  Mem.  Soc.  Zool. 
France,  1806,  p.  4.     [Doubtful  in  U.  S.] 


CATALOGUE.  58 

ORNITHODOROS. 

Kocli,  Arch.  f.  Natnrj;.,  X,  p.  219,  1844. 

MEGNiNi   Duge.s,   La   Natiiraleza    Mexicaiia,    VI,   p.   lltj,   1883:    Megnin,   Journ. 

Anat.  Physiol.,  XXI,  p.  472,  1885 ;  Xeiimanii,  Mem.  Soc.  Zool.  France, 

1896,  p.  42;    Salmon  and  Stiles,  17th  Ann.  Kept.  Bur.  Anim.   Ind., 

U.  S.  Dept.  Agric,  p.  408,  1902. 
spinosuni  Marx,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Wasli.,  Ill,  p.  199,  1895   (Rhynchoprion). 
TURiCATA  Duges,  La  Naturaleza  Mexicana,   VI,   p.  196,  1883;   Megnin,   Journ. 

Anat.  Physiol.,  XXI,  p.  466,  1885;  Neumann,  Mem.  Soc.  Zool.  France, 

1896,  p.  31. 
amevicanus  Marx,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Wash.,  Ill,  p.  199,  1895. 
CORIACEUS  Koch,  Arch.  f.  Xaturg.,  X,  p.  219,  1844;  Fbersicht  Archn.  Syst.,  lY, 

p.  31,  1847;  Neumann,  Mem.  Soc.  Zool.  France,  1896,  p.  31 ;  ibid.,  1901, 

p.  258. 
TALAJE  Gueriu,  Hev,  et  Mag.  de  Zool.,  1849,  p.  342 ;  Megnin,  Journ.  Anat.  Physiol., 

XXI,  p.  470,  1885;  Neumann,  Mem.  Soc.  Zool.  France,  1896,  p.  34. 

IXODID-ffl. 

Ixodinae. 
IXODES. 

Latreillo,  Precis  Caract.  Ins.,  p.  179,  1796. 

ANGUSTUS  Neumann,  :Mem.  Soc.  Zool.  France,  1S99,  p.  1.36;  ibid.,  1901,  p.  284. 
ARCTicus  Osborn,  Fur  Seals  and  Fur  Seal  Islands  of  the  North  Pacific  Ocean, 

III,  p.  553,  1899. 

BRUNXEUS  Koch,  Arch.  f.  Naturg.,  X,  p.  232,  1844;    fbersicht  Arachn.   Syst., 

IV,  p.  101,  1847;  Neumann,  Arch.  Parasitol.,  A^III,  p.  454,  1904. 
kcUoggi  Nuttall  and  Warburton,  Proc.  Cambr.  Philos.  Soc,  XIV,  p.  396,  1908. 

CALiFORNicus  Bauks,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.  (3),  III,  p.  369,  1904. 
cooKEi  Packard,  1st  Ann.  Kept.  Peabody  Acad.  Sci.,  p.  67,  1869. 
crucianus  Fitch,  14th  Kept.  Ins.  N.  Y.,  p.  366,  1871. 
hexagonus  var.  loiigispinosus  Neumann,  Mem.  Soc.  Zool.  France,  1901,  p. 

283. 
he.ragonus  Salmon  and  Stiles,  17th  Ann.  Kept.  Bur.  Anim.  Ind.,  U.  S.  Dept. 
Agric,  ]\  467,  1902  (not  of  Leach). 
DENTATus  Neumauu,  Mem.  Soc.  Zool.  France,  1899,  p.  119. 
DiVERsiFOSSus  Neumauu,  Mem.  Soc.  Zool.  France,  1899,  p.  1.36. 

hicornis  Neumann,  Arch.  Parasitol.,  X,  p.  196,  1906. 
HEXAGONUS  Leach,  Trans.  Linii.  Soc.  London,  XI,  p.  397,  1815;  Neumann,  Mem. 

Soc.  Zool.  France.  1899,  p.  129. 
MARxi  Banks,  supra,  p.  32,  1908. 
pRATTi  Banks,  supra,  p.  27,  1908. 

RiciNus  Linnieus,  Syst.  Nat.,  X,  p.  615,  1758 ;  Neumann,  Mem.  Soc.  Zool.  France, 
1899,  p.  112;   Salmon  and  Stiles,  17th  Ann.  Kept.  Bur.  Anim.  Ind., 
U.  S.  Dept.  Agric,  p.  463,  1902. 
scAPULARis   Say,  Journ.  Acad.  Phil.,  II,  p.  78,  1821;   Compl.  Writ.,  II,  p.  21, 
1859. 
affinis  Neumann,  Mem.  Soc.  Zool.  France,  1899,  p.  120. 
8CULPTUS  Neumann,  Arch.  Parasitol.,  YIII,  p.  462,  1904. 


54  IXODOIDEA^  OR    TICKS,  OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

CERATIXODES. 

Xenmaim,  Arch.  I'arasitol.,  VI,  p.  115.  1002. 

ruTUS  Cambridge,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1S7G,  p.  2G0:  Neumann,  Mem.  Soc. 
Zool.  France,  1S99,  p.  125;  Arch.  Parasitol.,  VI,  p.  115,  1902;  ibid. 
XI,  p.  229,  1907. 
horvaVis  Kramer  and  Xeuman,  Avariden  wiihrend  der  Vega  Exped.,  p.  520, 

1^83. 
/i)nhriatns  Kramer  and  Ncnman,  ibid.  (male). 
hbi^utu.s  Hirnia,  Bui.  Acad.  Imp.  St.  Petersbourg,  1895,  p.  356. 
siiGNATus  Kirula,  Bui.  Acad.  Imp.  St.  Pctersbour.i;,  1895,  p.  357. 
piirvirostris  Neumann,  :Mcm.  Soc.  Zool.  France,  1901,  p.  284. 

Amblyomminae. 

iki:mapiiysalis. 

Koch.  Arch.  Naturg..  X,  p.  2:57,  1844. 

CHORDEii.is  Packard,  1st  Ann.  liept.  I'eabody  Acad.  Sci.,  p.  G7,  18G9. 
LEPORis-PALUSTRis  Packard,  1st  Ann.  Kept.  Peabody  Acad.  Sci.,  p.  G7,  18G9 ;  Neu- 
mann, Mem.  Soc.  Zool.  France,  1897,  p.  343. 
rostniUs  Duges,  Bui.  Soc.  Zool.  France,  1888,  p.  129. 

AMIiLYO.MMA. 

Koch,  Arch.  Naturg.,  X,  i).  223,  1844.     JJuthcsiua  (Jistl,  Naturg.,  p.  158,  1848. 

AMERUAXLM  LlnuaMis,  Svst.  Nat..  X.  p.  G15,  1758;  Fitch,  14th  Kept.  Ins.  New 

York,  p.  3G4,  1871;  Neumann,  Mem.  Soc.  Zool.  France,  1899,  p.  209; 

Salmon  and  Stiles,  17th  Ann.   Kept.  Bur.  Anim.  Ind.,  U.   S.  Dept. 

Agric.  p.  475,  1902. 
orhiciildtus  Say,  Jouru.  Phil.  Acad.,  II,  p.  7(>,  1821. 
uniimnctdta  I'ackard,  1st  Ann.  Kept.  Peabody  Acad.  Sci.,  p.  GG,  18G9. 
CAJENNENSE  Fabricius,  Eutom.  Syst.,  IV,  p.  427,  1794;  Koch,  Ubersicht  Arachn. 

Syst.,  IV,  p.  73,  1847;  Neumann,  Mem.  Soc.  Zool.  France,  p.  205,  1899. 
croiatum   Say,  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  II,  p.  7G,  1821;  Compl.  Writ,  II,  p.  20, 

is.'.O. 
mixtum  Koch,  Arch.  Naturg.,  X,  p.  227,  1844. 
MACULATL'M  Koch,  Arch.  Naturg.,  X,  p.  227,  1844 ;  Neumann,  Mem.  Soc.  Zool. 

France,  1899,  p.  249. 
tigriuKin  Koch,  Arch.  Naturg.,  X,  p.  227,  1844. 
tcneUum  Koch,  ibid. 
ruhripcs  Koch,  ibid.,  p.  228. 
ovatum  Koch,  ibid. 
tristc  Koch,  ibid.,  p.  229. 
TUBERCULATUM  Marx,  Insect  Life,  VI,  p.  314 ;  Neumann,  Mem.  Soc.  Zool.  France, 

1899,  p.  235. 


CATALOGUE.  55 

DEKMACENTOR. 

Kocli.  Arch.  Xatiirg..  X,  p.  235,  1844. 

ALBiPiCTUS  Packard,  Amer.  Xat.,  II,  p.  559,  1868;  Guide  Study  Insects  (part  9), 
p.  662,  1869  (Aug.)  ;  Amer.  Nat.,  Ill,  p.  365,  1869. 
variegatus  Neumann,  Mem.  Soc.  Zool.   France,  1897,  p.  367;    Salmon  and 
Stiles,  17tli  Ann.  Itept.  Bur.  Anim.  Ind.,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric,  p.  452, 
1902. 
reticulatiis  Salmon  and  Stiles,  17th  Ann.  liept.  Bur.  Anim.  Ind.,  U.  S.  Dept. 
Agric,  p.  448,  1902  (not  of  Fabricius). 
BiFURCATUS  Neumauu,  Mem.  Soc.  Zool.  France,  1899,  p.  122  (sub.  Ixodes)  ;  Arch. 

ParasitoL,  VIII,  p.  453,  1904. 
KiGROLiNEATUs  Packard,  1st  Ann.  Kept.  Peabody  Acad.  Science,  p.  66,  1869. 
NiTENs  Neumann,  Mem.  Soc.  Zool.  France,  1897,  p.  376 ;  Salmon  and  Stiles,  17th 

Ann.  Rept.  Bur.  Anim.  Ind.,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric,  p.  4.55,  1902. 
occiDENTALis  Neumauu,  Arch.  ParasitoL,  IX,  p.  235,  1905. 

reticulatiis  Neumann,  Mem.  Soc.  Zool.  France,  1897,  p.  360  (part). 
PARUMAPERTus  Ncumauu,  Mem.  Soc.  Zool.  France,  1901,  p.  267;  Arch.  ParasitoL, 

IX,  p.  236,  1905. 
PARUMAPERTUS  var.  MARGiXATus  Bauks,  supra,  p.  46,  1908. 

VARIABILIS  Say,  Journ,  Phil.  Acad.,  II,  p.  77,  1821;  Comi)L  Writ.,  II,  p.  21.  1859. 
americanus  of  various  authors  (not  of  Linnaeus). 

electus  Koch,  Arch.  Xaturg.,  X,  p.  235,  1844;   Neumann,  Mem.   Soc.  Zool. 
France,  1901,  p.  265;  Salmon  and  Stiles,  17th  Ann.  Rept.  Bur.  Anim. 
Ind.,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric,  p.  455,  1902. 
Dept.  Agric,  p.  455,  1902. 
alMpictu.s  Packard,  1st  Ann.  Rept.  Peabody  Acad.  Sci.,  p.  66,  1869   (not  of 

Guide  Study  Insects). 
5-striati(s  Fitch,  14th  Rept.  Ins.  N.  Y.,  p.  366,  1871. 
robertsoni  Fitch,  ibid. 

'{ punctulatufi  Say.  Journ.  I'hiL  Acad.,  II,  p.  78,  1821;  Compl.  Writ,  II,  p. 
21,  1859. 
vENusTus  Banks,  suin-a,  \).  46,  ]lt0S. 

MARGAROPUS. 

Karsch,  Mitt.  Miinch.  Ent.  Ver.,  1879,  p.  96.     Boophilus  Curtice,  Journ.  Comp. 
Med.  Vet.  Arch.,  XII,  p.  313,  1891. 

ANNULATus  Say,  Journ.  Phil.  Acad.,  II,  p.  75,  1821;  Compl.  Writ.,  II,  p.  19, 
1859;  Neumann,  Mem.  Soc  Zool.  France,  1897,  p.  407;  Salmon  and 
Stiles,  17th  Ann.  Rept.  Bur.  Anim.  Ind.,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric,  p.  420, 
1902 ;  Hunter  and  Hooker,  Bui.  72,  Bur.  Ent,  U.  S.  Dept  Agric,  p.  30, 
1907. 

hovis  Packard.  1st  Ann.  Rept.  Peabody  Acad.  ScL,  p.  68.  1869. 

bovis  Riley,  Gamgee's  Rept.  Diseases  of  Cattle,  p.  121,  1869. 

indentatus  Gamgee,  Rept  Diseases  of  Cattle,  p.  121,  1869. 

dugesi  Meguin,  Les  Parasites,  p.  126,  1880. 


56  IXODOIDEA,  OR    TICKS,  OF   THE    UNITED    STATES. 

RHIPICEPHALUS. 

Koch,  Arch.  Natnrj;.,  X,  p.  238,  1844. 

TEXAXus  Banks,  supra,  i>.  34,  1008. 

UNPLACED. 

IXODES  ciNCTL'S  Fabriciiis,  Syst.  Antliatorum,  p.  350,  1805. 

IXODES  ERRATicus  Say,  Joiirn.  I'hil.  Acad.,  II,  p.  77,  1821;  Compl.  Writ.,  II.  p. 

20,  1850. 
IXODES  Fuscus  Say,  Joiirn.  I'hil.  Acad.,  II,  ]>,  70,  1821  ;  C'onipl.  Writ.,  II,  p.  22. 

1850. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

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58  IXODOIDEA,  OR   TICKS,  OF   THE    UNITED    STATES. 

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Miller,  W.  McX.— Texas  cattle  fever.  <Bul.  31,  Xevada  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.,  11 
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MoiiLER.  J.  R. — Texas  fever,  with  methods  for  its  jjrevention.  <Bul.  78,  Bur. 
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14,  9  pis.,  1899. 

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60  IXODOIDEA,  OR    TICKS;,  OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

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INDEX. 


Page. 
Abundance 11 

affinis,  Ixodes.    (See  scapularis.) 

albipictus,  Dermacentor 43, 44 

Amblyomma 20, 37 

Amblyommin^ 20 

Amblyommini 20 

americana,  Argas.     (See  minialus.) 
americanus,  Ornithodoros.     (See  turicata. ) 

americanum,  Amblyomma 37, 40 

angustus,  Ixodes 23, 29 

annulatus,  Margaropus 36 

arcticus,  Ixodes 23 

Argas 14 

Argasid.e 14 

bicornis,  Ixodes.    (See  diversi/ossus.) 

bifurcatus,  Dermacentor 43 

Boophilus.    (See  Margaropus.) 
borealis.  Cerntixodes.     {See  pntus.) 
bm'is,  Boophilus.      (See  annulatus,   Marga- 
ropus. ) 

brevipes,  Argas 15 

briinneus,  Ixodes 23, 26 

cajennense,  Amblyomma 37, 41 

californicus,  Ixodes 23, 24 

canisuga,  Ixodes 32 

Ceratixodes 20 

chordeilis,  Haemaphysalis 33, 34 

cinctus,  Ixodes 50, 52 

Classification 12 

concinna,  Hxmaphysalis 32, 52 

cookei,  Ixodes 23, 28 

coriaceus,  Ornithodoros 17, 18 

crenatiim,  Ixodes.     (See  cajennense,  Ambly- 
omma. ) 
cruciarius,  Ixodes.     (See  cookei. ) 

dentatus,  Ixodes 23, 28 

Dermacentor 20, 42 

Dermacentorini 20 

diver sifossus,  Ixodes 22, 27 

d  ugesi,  Ixodes.   ( See  annulatus,  Margaropus. ) 
electus,  Dermacentor.     (See  variafnlis.) 

erralicus,  Ixodes 49, 51 

fimbriatus,  Ceratixodes.     (See  pntus.) 

frontalis,  Ixodes 26, 52 

fusctis,  Ixodes 51 

Geographical  distribution 10 

H.i;maphysalini 20 

Haemaphysalis ; .  20, 32 

hexagonus,  Ixodes 23, 31 

hirsutus,  Ceratixodes.     {See  putus.) 

Historical 11 

inchoatus,  Ixodes 32, 52 

indentatus,  Ixodes.     (See  annulatus,  Marga- 
ropus. ) 

Ixodes 20, 22 

IXODID^ 14,  20 

IXODIN,E 20 

IXODOIDEA 7 

kelloggi,  Ixodes.    {Seebrunneus.) 
leporis-palustris,  Hsemaphysalis 33 


Page. 
Life-history 9 

longispinosus,  Ixodes.    {See  cookei.) 

maculatum,  Amblyomma 37, 39 

Margaropus 20, 35 

marginatum,  var.  of  parumapertus 46 

marxi,  Ixodes 23, 32 

megnini,  Ornithodoros 16, 17 

miniatus,  Argas 15 

mixtum,  Amblyomma.     (See  cajennense.) 

nigrolineatus,  Dermacentor 43, 48 

nitens,  Dermacentor 42, 43, 50 

occidentalis,  Dermacentor 43, 47 

orbiculatus,  Ixodes.     (See  americanum,  Am- 
blyomma. ) 

Ornithodoros 14, 16 

ovatum,  Amblyomma.     {See  maculatum.) 

parumapertus,  Dermacentor 43, 45 

parvirostris,    Ixodes.     (See   signatus,    Cera- 
tixodes. ) 
persicus,  Argas.     (See  miniatus.) 

pratti,  Ixodes 23, 27 

punctulatus,  Ixodes.     (See  variabilis,  Derma- 
centor.) 

putus,  Ceratixodes 21 

quinquestriatus,  Ixodes.    (See  variabilis,  Der- 
macentor. ) 
radiatus,  Argas.     (See  miniatus.) 

reflexus,  Argas 14, 16 

reticulatus,  Dermacentor 42, 52 

RHIPICEPH  ALINI 20 

Rhipicephalus 20, 34 

ricin  us,  Ixodes 22, 23, 24 

robertsoni,  Ixodes.     (See  variabilis,  Derma- 
centor. ) 
rostralis,  Gonixodes.     (See  leporis-palustris, 

Haemaphysalis. ) 
rubripes,  Amblyomma.     (See  macxdatum.) 
sanchezi,  Argas.    (See  miniatus.) 

sanguineus,  Rhipicephalus 34 

savignyl,  Orn ithodoros 16 

scapidaris,  Ixodes 23, 25 

sculptus,  Ixodes 23, 30 

signatus,  Ceratixodes 21 

spinosum,  Bhynchoprion.     (See  megnini,  Or- 
nithodoros.) 

Structure 7 

talaje,  Ornithodoros 17,19 

tenellum,  Amblyomma.     (See  maculatum.) 

texanus,  Rhipicephalus 34 

tigrinum,  Amblyomma.     {See  macidatum.) 
triste,  Amblyomma.    (See  maculatum.) 

tuberculatum,  Amblyomma 37, 38 

turicata,  Ornithodoros 17, 18 

unipunctata,    Amblyomma.      (See    america- 
num. ) 
uriae,  Ixodes.    {See putus,  Ceratixodes.) 

variabilis.  Derma<:entor 43, 49 

variegatus.     (See  albipictus,  Dermacentor.) 

venustus,  Dermacentor 43, 46 

winthemi,  Margaropus 36 


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